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ENGLISH 1st Term 1st EXAM TOPICS - Coggle Diagram
ENGLISH 1st Term 1st EXAM TOPICS
LITERARY TECHNIQUES
Symbol
DEFINITION:
An item or thing that represents some larger idea of significance
EXAMPLE:
The stars and stripes flew high over the harbor.
Allusion
DEFINITION:
Making a reference to a part of another work of literature or historical story
EXAMPLE:
It felt like we were living in a Jack London novel there that night.
Analogy
DEFINITION:
Two unlike things being compared with two other unlike things
EXAMPLE:
Tires carved lines in the snow on the road like sprinters stay in their lanes in a race.
Oxymoron
EXAMPLE:
Tires carved lines in the snow on the road like sprinters stay in their lanes in a race.
EXAMPLE:
He came home and the barbed wire fence was found missing.
Simile
DEFINITION:
Two unlike things compared together using the words like or as
EXAMPLE:
The weather is cooking like a barbeque.
Metaphor
DEFINITION:
Two unlike things compared together without using the words like or as
EXAMPLE:
Little snowflake daggers poked my skin.
Personification
DEFINITION:
Giving humanlike qualities to non-human objects or animals
EXAMPLE:
The flower stood tall amid the clovers.
Hyporble
DEFINITION:
A complete exaggeration to make a point, often used to create a humorous or mean effect
EXAMPLE:
The hill was covered with a billion flowers.
Parody
EXAMPLE:
At the Star Wars coffee house, their motto is “May the Froth Be With You.”
DEFINITION:
A humorous or exaggerated imitation of something
Onomatopeia
DEFINITION:
The act of spelling out the way a sound sounds.
EXAMPLE:
The steam whooshed through the manhole cover.
Alliteration
DEFINITION:
Using the same consonant sound to start two or more nearby words in a sentence
EXAMPLE:
The friendly fog flirted with the water on the lake.
Assonance
DEFINITION:
Using the same vowel sound in two or more nearby words in a sentence
EXAMPLE:
Hope is a pole with holes beside so many roads.
Pun
DEFINITION:
A word or phrase that has a usually comical second meaning … you might even roll your eyes at it
EXAMPLE:
I'm reading a book about anti-gravity. It's impossible to put down.
Irony
DEFINITION:
A contrast between what is expected and what actually happens
EXAMPLE:
The fireman had never told anyone he was afraid of fire.
Verbal Irony
DEFINITION:
Saying one thing, but meaning another thing
EXAMPLE:
The billboard said, “Texting while driving KILLS. For more driving tips, text SAFETY to 79191.””
Sarcasm
DEFINITION:
The use of irony to mock someone or show you think they’re lesser.
EXAMPLE:
Speed Limit: 50 … unless, of course, Mr. Important is running late.
Chiasmus
Definition:
Chiasmus is a figure of speech containing two phrases that are parallel but inverted to each other.
Example:
You can take the patriot out of the country but you cannot take the country out of the patriot.
Juxtaposition
Definition:
Juxtaposition is a literary device wherein the author places a person, concept, place, idea or theme parallel to another.
Example:
In Paradise Lost, Milton has used juxtaposition to draw a parallel between the two protagonists, Satan and God, who he discusses by placing their traits in comparison with one another to highlight their differences.
Paradox
Definition:
“contrary to expectations, existing belief, or perceived opinion.”
Example:
“I must be cruel to be kind.” – Hamlet by W. Shakespeare
Euphemism
Definition:
used to refer to the literary practice of using a comparatively milder or less abrasive form of a negative description instead of its original, unsympathetic form.
Example:
Downsizing – This is used when a company fires or lays off a larger number of employees
Consonance
DEFINITION:
Using the same consonant sound at the middle or end of two or more nearby words in a sentence
EXAMPLE:
The sloshing answered wishes I’d treasured since childhood.
Allegory
Definition:
An allegory suggests a hidden meaning via the use of metaphoric examples.
Example:
Faith is like a stony uphill climb: a single stumble might send you sprawling but belief and steadfastness will see you to the very top.
Repetition
Definition:
Quite simply, repetition is the repeating of a word or phrase. It is a common rhetorical device used to add emphasis and stress in writing and speech
Example:
The big stairs led up to a big house with a big front door. Breathe, breathe, breathe, I told myself.
Logos
Logos means reasoning with your audience, providing them with facts and statistics, or making historical and literal analogies:
"The data is perfectly clear: this investment has consistently turned a profit year-over-year, even in spite of market declines in other areas.”
Tricolon
Tricolon is a literary device that uses three parallel (having similar form) words, phrases or clauses in a series.
Dorothy Parker
I require three things in a man. He must be handsome, ruthless and stupid.
Pronouns (Personal & Possessive)
Definition:
A personal pronoun represents a particular person, a thing, a place, an animal, or a group. Its purpose is to avoid repetition of a noun in the sentence, or in the text and also to include readers into what is being described.
Example:
“The Dursleys knew that the Potters had a small son, too, but they had never even seen him. This boy was another good reason for keeping the Potters away; they didn’t want Dudley mixing with a child like that…”
Pathos
Pathos can be seen in language that draws out feelings such as pity or anger in an audience:
"If we don't move soon, we're all going to die! Can't you see how dangerous it would be to stay?"
Ethos
Ethos can be shown in your speech or writing by sounding fair and demonstrating your expertise or pedigree:
"As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely generate the best results.”