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Pharmacology - Coggle Diagram
Pharmacology
Names/Types/Forms
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trade name: brand name give by manufacturer, capitalized (Tylenol)
prescription medications: written by MD, given by pharmacist
OTC Meds: no MD, no pharmacist
Forms
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Solution: one/more liquids mixed that cannot be separated. IV, IM, SC
Suspension: fine ground particles mixed into liquid w/ shaking/stirring. Mouth or rectal
Metered-Dose Inhalers (MDI): miniature spray canister via mouth (asthma), same amount of med each time, shaken vigorously
topical medications: lotions, creams, ointments, affect only area applied, lotions = most water, faster, ointments = least water, slowly
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Gases for inhalation: O2, nonrebreather, nasal cannula, BVM
Medications used by EMTs
Oral Medications: Activated Charcoal, oral glucose, aspirin, several OTC:
- Take standard precautions
- Confirm the medication is not expired
- Obtain medical direction per local protocol
- Confirm patient has patent airway and instruct patient to swallow or chew.
- Monitor & Document!
Oral Glucose: PO
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Contraindications: Decreased level of consciousness, nausea, vomiting
Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting
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Administration concerns: Patient must be awake, have control of airway, and be able to follow commands
Activated Charcoal: PO
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Indications:
Most oral poisonings, overdose
Contraindications: Decreased level of consciousness, overdose of corrosives, caustics, or petroleum substances
Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, constipation, black stools
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Administration Concerns: Stains, do not give when giving other PO meds
Aspirin (Bayer): PO
Action: Anti-inflammatory, anti-fever, prevents platelets from clumping, thereby decreasing formation of new clots
Indications: Relief of mild pain, Headache, muscle aches, chest pain of cardiac origin
Contraindications: Hypersensitivity, recent bleeding
Side effects: vomiting, nausea, stomach pain, bleeding, allergic reactions
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Administration Concerns: Do not administer for pain caused by trauma or for fevers in children, patients with chest pain must be able to chew tablets
Sublingual Medications
Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Nitromist): SL Tabley/spray
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Contraindications: Hypotension; use of sildenafil (Viagra) or another erectile dysfunction treatment w/I 24 hours, head injury
Side effects: Headache, burning under tongue, hypotension (less than 100 mmHg, harmful effects), nausea
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Dose: 0.3-0.4 mg SL, 0.4 mg spray
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Intranasal Medications:
Naloxone (Narcan, EVZIO auto injector)
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Side effects: Nausea, vomiting
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Inhalation Medications:
Oxygen
Action: reverses hypoxia, provides O2 to be absorbed by lungs
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Contraindications: Very rarely used in COPD patients, open flames
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Administration concerns: no open flames nearby, do not withhold O2 from patients with respiratory distress
MDI medications (albuterol, Proventil, Ventolin): Inhalation
Action: Stimulates NS, causing bronchodilation
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Side effects: HTN, tachycardia, anxiety, restlessness
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Administration Concerns: patient must inhale all medication in one breath; coach patient to hold breath for 5 seconds after inhalation
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Administration by EMT
Peer-assisted Medication: administered to self or partner, treat self first then partner
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EMT-administered medication: directly administer to patient (O2, oral glucose, activated charcoal, nitroglycerine, Naloxone, MDI, aspirin)
Routes of Admission
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enteral medications: enter in route other than digestive tract, skin, or mucous membrane
sublingual (SL): under tongue, protects from stomach acid, dissolves w/I minutes
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per rectum (PR):children, unconscious patient, nausea
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by mouth (PO): favorable by patients, cheaper, but unpredictable absorption
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Receptors: sites on cells where chemicals and medications produced in the body can bind and produce effect.
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Six Rights of Patient Administration:
:check: right patient
:check: right medication
:check: right dose
:check: right route
:check: right time
:check: right documentation
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Medication Errors
- rapidly provide appropriate care
- Notify Medical control ASAP
- follow local protocols, document incident accurately and honestly
- talk with partner, supervisor, and medical control
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