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Chapter 25 Populations and Ecosystems - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 25
Populations and Ecosystems
Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats
Operational Habitat
aspects of the habitat that affect a plant constitute. Whereas all components, whether with known effect or not, are its habitat.
Habitats
is the set of conditions in which an organism completes its life cycle
2 Components
1)Abiotic
nonliving and physical phenomena; climate, soil, latitude, altitude, and disturbances such as fires, floods, and avalanches.
2) Biotic
composed of living factors, the plant itself, other plant species and species of animals, fungi, protists, and prokaryotes.
Community
all of the populations together.
Population
individuals of the same species together.
Tolerance Range
the low and high extremes of the organism.
Pioneers
first plants that invade new soil.
Horizon
After many years soil can develope 3 layers called horizons**
A Horizon
uppermost layer. Sometimes called "zone of leaching"
consists of litter, and debris.
B Horizon
the following layer "zone of decomposition" area where materials from the A horizon accumulate.
C horizon
next layer below composed of mostly of parent rock and rock fragments.
Ecosystem
community, constructed by physical, nonliving, environment.
Ecotypes
specialized in response to particular ecosystem factors.
Transplant Experiments
plants are extracted from the original site and transplanted elsewhere where they can grow together.
Common Garden
garden where plants from multiple locations are grown together.
Mutualism
interaction is basically beneficial for both organisms.
Competition
situation in which two populations do not grow as well together as they do separately because they use the same limited resources,
Competitive Exclusion
states that whichever species is less adapted is excluded from the ecosystem by superior competitors.
Niche
no other species better adapted for a set of conditions.
Predation
a relationship in which one species benefits and the other is harmed.
Herbivores
Animals that eat plants.
Herbivory
the process of eating plants.
Browsing
eating twigs and leaves
Grazing
eating herbs.
Pathogenic
causing disease.
Commensal Relationships
one species benefits and the other is unaffected.
The Structure of Populations
Limiting Factor
The factor that determines the health of the plant.
Random Distribution
used whenever there is no obvious identifiable pattern to the position of individuals.
Clumped Distributions
the spacing between plants is either small or large, but rarely average.
Uniform Distributions
all individuals are evenly spaced from their neighbors.
Allelochemicals
release of chemicals from a plant that inhibit other plants.
Allelopathy
inhibition of plants from allelochemicals.
Age Distribution
proportions of young, middle-aged, and old individuals.
Demography
different ages that make up age distribution.
Factors that affect rate of population growth
1) Generation time
the length of time from the birth of one individual until the birth of its first offspring
2) Intrinsic rate of natural increase (Biotic potential)
is the number of offspring produced by an individual that actually live long enough to reproduce under ideal conditions.
Carrying Capacity
the number of individuals that can live in a particular area
r-selected species
species that are typically annuals, due to habitat crowding and becoming unsuitable.
k-selected species
Species of a habitat close to carrying capacity.
The Structure of Ecosystems
physiognomic Structure
physical and shape of the organisms and their distribution in relation to each other and to the physical environment.
Life Forms
means by which a plant survives stressful seasons.
Species Composition
refers to the number and diversity of species that coexist in an ecosystem, depending on if the climate is mild or stressful, soil being rich or poor, species tolerance ranges being broad or narrow.
Temporal Structure
the changes that an ecosystem undergoes with time.
Trophic Levels
can be classified as feeding levels.
Primary Producers
first step of any food web. The energy and nutrient supply for herbivores.
Primary Consumers
(secondary producers)
which are herbivores
Secondary Consumers
omnivores, prey on herbivores, existing at both trophic levels.
Decomposers
ex:fungi. break down the remains of all types of organisms including other decomposers.
Energy Flow
after plants are eaten their energy and carbon compounds move to the herbivore trophic level. then to the carnivore level and finally to the decomposer trophic level.
Carbon Flow
passed down the same trophic levels as the energy flow. Except much of the food is used in respiration. Therefore creating ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
