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Chapter25: Populations and Ecosystems - Coggle Diagram
Chapter25: Populations and Ecosystems
definitions
population: group of organisms belonging to the same species that live in the same area and interact with one another.
ecosystem: includes the living organisms (all the populations) in an area and the non-living aspects of the environment
example
Populations are all the members of a species that live in a one area. We are part of the human population of our hometowns. A freshwater pond has multiple populations, including a population of ducks, fish, and frogs, and a population of Lily pads.
Examples of ecosystems are as follows. Aquatic ecosystem, coral reef, rainforest, savanna, taiga, urban ecosystems, etc.
Abiotic Components of the Habitat
Climate
Very important to all organisms
Has many components like temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, and winds being a few.
Average temperature of a habitat is not as important as its extremes: the lowest winter temperature and highest summer temperature.
Soil Factors
Formed by breakdown of rock.
Resulting soil is thin and virtually identical to the original (parent rock) in its chemical compound.
Latitude and Altitude
Latitude and altitude play major roles in abiotic environments. At the equator, all days are 12 hours long with no seasonal changes in day length. Plants can not measure seasons by photo period.
Above the Artic and Antarctic Circles, mid-summer days are 24 hours long as are the mid-winter nights.
Biotic Components of the Habitit
The plant itself
the individual modifies the habitat as well as being a part of it
habitat modifications are beneficial, detrimental, or neutral
In beech/oak forests of Northern US, trees modify the habitat by producing a dense canopy that produces heavy shaded forest floors;
Organisms Other then Plants
Animals, fungi, and prokaryotes are also important biotic aspects of a plant's habitat.
Plants and animals have many relationships that example mutualism.
Many interactions between plants and fungi or bacteria are harmful to the plant, but the fungi and bacteria are described as being pathogenic rather than predatory.
Other Plant Species
When several individuals occur together, the possibility for interaction is created.
Mutalism- interaction beneficial for BOTH organisms
Several well-known examples of mutualistic arrangements exist. Mutualism between acacia ants and the bullhorn acacia, or swollen thorn acacia. The plant provides food and shelter to the ants, and the ants defend the plant against browsing animals
Competition- interaction disadvantegeous
Situation where two populations do not grow well together vs separately because they are competing with one another.
Photoautotrophs, also called primary producers, compete for light and water. For example, oak and hickory trees in eastern North America grow taller than most pines, thereby shading smaller species and eventually dominating a forest.
Geographic Distribution
Boundaries of the Geographic Range
The ability of a plant species to spread throughout a geographic are is the result of its adaptations to the abiotic and biotic components.
Most biotic habitat components act on the plant at the same time and most should be considered important at any given time.
Mauseth, James D. Botany: an Introduction to Plant Biology. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2021.
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