Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

The Philippines: a multi-hazardous environment - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Between 1970 and 2000 the cost of damage as a direct result of natural disasters averaged 0.7% of the country's GDP
- - - - 1976: 14 buildings in Zamboanga city - along the Moro Gulf of Mindanao - were destroyed when a magnitude 7.9 submarine earthquake caused a tsunami with 4-5 meter waves to hit the coast.
  - - - Of the 80(on average) typhoons which develop annually, 19 of these enter the Philippine region and 6-9 make landfall (source: Joint Typhoon Warning Center)
    - - Typhoon Haiyan(7th November 2013) was one of the most powerful and deadly tropical storms ever recorded, both in the Philippines and globally
        
        It was the fifth super typhoon of the 2013 season - the country had already been battered by a number of storms
        
        6,300 people were killed, the majority of which as a result of a storm surge. 11 million were affected and many are still homeless
        
        It destroyed Tacloban City on the west coast, and a large number of islands.
      - Typhoon Xangsane affected Manila and the surrounding densely populated area on Luzon
        
        Many homes in the densely populated region were destroyed by the initial hazard and subsequent flooding and landslides.
  - - - Pinatubo: erupted June 15 1991 - the second largest eruption on the planet in recent years.
        
        The eruption was closely followed by Typhoon Yunya, which caused a further death toll of 850 when heavy rainfall and ash combined to create deadly lahars.
        
        500 died, but early warnings and effective evacuation saved 5000 people. The eruption had long term global effects, , causing a global temperature drop of 0.5C for two years by ejecting gases, ash and steam into the upper atmosphere.
      - Mayon volcano: the most active volcano in the country, it has erupted almost 50 times in the last 400 years.
        
        Most destructive eruption: 1812
        
        Most recent: 2014
        
        Known for its lahars
      - Taal: one of the most active volcanoes in the country
        
        33 eruptions on historical record
        
        Eruptions come from a volcano in the middle of a crater lake which was formed by a huge explosion in prehistoric times created Taal's caldera
  - - - Examples
        
        1990: Over 1600 people were killed in Luzon where a magnitude 7.8 earthquake caused the secondary hazards - widespread ground rupturing and liquefaction
        
        2013: In Bohol, a popular holiday destination, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake killed >200, injured >800, and caused lasting damage to tens of thousands of buildings
        
        1976: just off Mindanao an earthquake of magnitude 7.9 inundated the island's western shore and killed almost 8,000 people
  - - - Tectonic activity in the area can cause a landslide
      - Heavy levels of rainfall, often caused by typhoons, can lead to cliff saturation in areas with steep gradients and cause mudslides.
    - - 2006: after 10 days of heavy rain a landslide on Leyte Island buried and entire village and subsequently killed hundreds of people
- - - - After Typhoon Haiyan's storm surge caused so much damage to Tacloban City and the surrounding area, it became clear the risks of a storm surge had not been effectively communicated to the general public. For example, the airport was used as an evacuation centre because it was a sturdy concrete building, despite being a one storey building on low lying land. A number of the people evacuated to the airport by officials were then killed. People were killed in various other unsuitable evacuation centres, including a sports area, the Tacloban convention centre and multiple churches
      - Although people were informed about the possibility of a storm surge, it was the response and survival strategies necessary that had not been communicated(e.g. move away from coast)