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RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION, imagen, imagen, imagen, imagen…
RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
Religious wars
In 1521
the Church excommunicated Luther and attempted to prosecute him for heresy
he received the protection of the German nobles
In 1519
was appointed Emperor
the Catholic Monarchs' grandson
King of Spain
In 1547
defeated the League
the Emperor
Catholic German
In 1555
the Peace of Augsburg was signed
the Emperor granted the Protestant princes religious freedom
The counter-reformation
Internal reform
Measures were taken to resolve internal corruption
1534
The Society of Jesus founded by Ignatius of Loyola
who vowed obedience to the Pope) also gained importance
were founded to improve
Universities
Seminaries
The repression of Protestantism
whose followers were considered heretics
Inquisition was reinforced
The clarification of their teachings
The dogmas and principles that the Protestants had rejected were maintained
included
observing the seven sacraments
recognising the Pope as the highest authority
carrying out good deeds to achieve salvation
venerating the Virgin Mary and the saints
the need for priests to interpret the Bible to avoid deviations
Low countries
a civil war
between
Calvinists
Catholics
1648
ended with the victory of the Calvinists
British Isles
conflicts among
Anglicans
Puritans
Catholics
1651
ended with the Anglicans gaining power
France
second wars
between
Catholics
Protestants
1598
this conflict ended
Consequences of religious division in Europe
Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other in the areas they dominated
The Pope and the Emperor became less influentia
