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:crossed_swords:Religious wars and the counter-reformation :crossed_swords…
:crossed_swords:Religious wars and the counter-reformation :crossed_swords:
Religious wars
But this agreement
didn't result
in religious peace in Europe. In fact, it provoked a series of
religious wars
:
In the
Low Countries
:
The
Dutch war of Independence
or
Eighty Year's War
(1568-1648) took place
It was both a
rebellion against Spanish rule
and a
*civil war
between the
Calvinists
and the
Catholics
In the
British Isles
:
The
Wars of the Three Kingdoms
(1639-1651) took place
These were some conflicts between the
Catholics
, the
Anglicans
and the
Puritans
, which ended with the the
Anglicans gaining power
In
France
:
There were many conflicts during the
second half of the 16th century
, and they ended in
1598
An example is the
massacre of Protestants
on
St. Bartholomew's Day
in
1572
In 1521, the Church
excommunicated
Luther and attempted to
prosecute him
, but he received the
protection
of the
German nobles
. They saw an opportunity to
increase their possessions
and their
autonomy from the Emperor
Carlos I
was appointed
Emperor
in
1519
. He was a
devout Catholic
and tried to
prevent
the
division of the Church
The
Emperor
supported
the Pope and the Church
, but the
Protestant German princes
supported
Luther
. A civil war broke out and the
Emperor
and the
Catholic German princes
defeated them in
1547
. However,
France
sided
against the Emperor
Finally, the
Peace of Augsburg
was signed in
1555
, under which the Emperor
granted
the Protestant princes
religious freedom
Consequences of religious division in Europe
:
Protestants
and
Catholics persecuted each other
in the areas they
dominated
The
Pope
and the
Emperor
became
less influential
The Counter-Reformation
The
Council of Trent
established the
Catholic Church’s course of action
in three main areas:
Internal reform
:
The religious orders were
reformed
Seminaries and universities
were founded to
improve the training priests received
Bishops were
more strictly controlled
The sale of indulgences was
prohibited
The repression of Protestantism
:
The Inquisition was
reinforced
An
Index of forbidden books
, which
opposed the Catholic faith
, was published
The clarification of their teachings
:
The
principles
that the
Protestants
had
rejected
were
maintained
It was a
religious, intellectual and political movement
led by the
Catholic Church