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RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION, image, image, image, image,…
RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
THE COUNTER REFORMATION
The Council of Trent
1545-1563 established the Catholic Church’s course of action in three main areas
The clarification of their teachings
The dogmas and principles that the Protestants had rejected were maintained
recognising the Pope as the highest authority
venerating the Virgin Mary and the saints
observing the seven sacraments
the need for priests to interpret the Bible to avoid deviations
carrying out good deeds to achieve salvation
Internal reform
Measures were taken to resolve internal corruption
Seminaries and universities were founded to improve the training priests received
the sale of indulgences was prohibited and the religious orders were reformed
Society of Jesus
founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534
vowed obedience to the Pope
The Jesuits became the main group responsible for spreading the teachings of the Counter-Reformation
The repression of Protestantism
followers were considered heretics
he Inquisition was reinforced
Index of forbidden books, which opposed the Catholic faith, was published
It was a religious, intellectual and political movement led by the Catholic Church against the Protestant Reformation
RELIGIOUS WARS
In 1521, the Church excommunicated Luther and attempted to prosecute him for heresy
It was unsuccessful because he received the protection of the German nobles.
They saw an opportunity to increase their possessions and their autonomy from the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
in 1519, Carlos I was appointed Emperor
He was the Catholic Monarchs' grandson and King of Spain
He was a devout Catholic and tried to mediate in this conflict to prevent the division of the Church
Various meetings took place
but no agreement was reached
such as the Diet of Worms
The Catholics considered the Lutherans Protestants, but they referred to themselves as the Reformed
Battle of Mühlberg in 1547
The Emperor supported the Pope and the Church
the Protestant German princes supported Luther and formed an alliance called the Schmalkaldic League
A civil war broke out
France sided against the Emperor, resulting in a greater balance of military power
Peace of Augsburg
It was signed in 1555
the Emperor granted the Protestant princes religious freedom
it provoked a series of religious wars in Europe
In France
the wars between Catholics and Protestants continued into the second half of the 16th century
There were very bloody episodes, such as the massacre of Protestants on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572
these conflicts ended in 1598
granted the Protestants a certain amount of religious freedom
King Henry IV signed the Edict of Nantes
In the Low Countries
the Dutch War of Independence or Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) took place
This was both a rebellion against Spanish rule and a civil war between the Calvinists and Catholics
It ended with the victory of the Calvinists in the northern provinces
In the British Isles
the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651) took place
These were a series of conflicts among the Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans in England, Scotland and Ireland
It ended with the Anglicans gaining power
Consequence
Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other in the areas they dominated
The Pope and the Emperor became less influential
The Protestant kings and nobles gained more power by taking over their national churches and their possessions
