chapter 26
Economy
Government
Religion
Social
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Geography
intelect
Pearl Harbor united the U.S.
The U.S. begins to start winning against the Japanese and are able to get control of Central Pacific.
U.S. took Guadalcanal and Japan had to abandon the island.
Hitler looses battle at Stalingrad and because of resources used U.S. had to cancel Canal Plan and Germany had to stop eastern offensive.
Allied forces invade Sicily; hoping to knock Italy out of the war.
After getting Sicily they had obtained Rome.
U.S. ignores and rejects plans to take in large amounts of Jews.
Federal money pumped into the Economy.
Government spending for the War was uneven, a lot of construction took place in California/ The West Coast.
There had been a huge labor shortage as people went to war, but there was then an increase in labor during the war.
Government gets Unions to do things Union Gains
LITTLE STEEL FORMULA, this set a 15 percent limit on wartime increases
NO-STRIKE PLEDGE, which unions agreed to not stop porduction in war time.
Government gave unions a MAINTENANCE-OF-MEMBERSHIP AGREEMENT which insisted that the thosands of new workers would be automatically be enrolled in the unions.
This agreement ensured health of unions, but workers had to give up the right to demand major economic gains during the war.
Unions didn't like this and the Smith-Connally Act (or the War Labor Disputes Act) which required unions to wait thirty days before stirking and empowered the president ot seize a struck war plant.
Government enacted the ANTI-INFLATION ACT which gave the administration authority to freeze agricultural prices, wages, salaries and rents throuhgout the country. this would be enforced by the Office of Price Administration. This was put in place because of fear of inflation.
the OPA wasn't really liked, and during the years of this act in place, Black-Marketing and overcharging grew to proprotions.
Government needed a lot of money for the war, so they borrowed some money by selling bonds to ordinary people and to some financial institutions.
The REVENUE ACT OF 1942, established a 94 percent rate for the highest brackets and for the first time, imposed taxes on the lower-income families as well. Congress also enacted a WIHTOLDING SYSTEM OF PAYROLL DEDUCTIONS IN 1943.
Roosevelt created the WAR PRODUCTION BOARD which was supposed to mobilize the economy. They didn't really do a good job so FDR relocated them to the white house and became the OFFICE OF WAR MOBILIZATION.
Wartime production was good, to the point people thought there was too much.
There had been plenty of technological advancements during the war, because government funded such projects.
When a technological innovation by the enemy there was something to limit the damage of the new techniques.
The allied forces had better technology
The COLOSSUS II and ALAN TURNING'S BOMBE were used to decode German and Japanese messages.
U.S. also created the AMERICAN MAGIC OPERATION in breaking enemy codes. Device known as PURPLE WAS USED.
AFrican Americans wanted to be brought higher up the social ladder by working in the war, but that didn't work, so they made demands.
A. Philip Randolph leader of the BROTHERHOOD OF SLEEPING CAR PORTERS, wanted to stage a march on Washington. FDR thought it was a bad idea and created the
FAIR EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES COMMISSION (FEPC), which allowed them to investigate discrimination in war industries.
These demands greatly increased the migration of blacks from the rural areas of the South into indsutrial cities.
This lead to more conflicts between whites and blacks.
People wanted to change system of segregation, and the organization of THE CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY (CORE) in 1942 mobilized mass popular resistance to discrimination in a way that the older, more conservative organizations had never done.
This group organized Sit-ins and and stuff in theaters and restaurants. They got a W by forcing a Washington D.C. restaurants in 1944 to agree to serve African Americans.
CORE would produce the civil rights movement.
But as the war went on blacks were being more integrated in plans which lead to the traditiional pattern of race relations slowly eroding.
Native Americans also found work in the war as "code-talkers" and began to work in Factories etc... But after the war those opportunities closed.
Mexican American's too also found opportunity , and they're sudden movement also caused conflict amongst the whites.
Mexican Americans wore "Zoot Suits" which whites didn't like.
On June 1943 animosity toward the zoot-suiters produced a four-day riot in Los Angeles.
More woman working during the war even in jobs that they normally weren't allowed to have.
Rosie the Riveter helped influenced women that they do have a place in the work force.
government girls were young and female as clerks, secretaries, and typists.
Some women had to work and raise a child so when they just left the child at home, those children became known as "latchkey children" or "eight-hour orphans"
Children who were old enough would get jobs in the war.
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People wanted to see what the war was like, so popularity in radios, newspapers (like life), and movies about the war increased.
American propoganda was used to influence those opposing the war that they were fighting for a better future.
Government though it would be a good idea of men in the war to see some women so the USO picked up some women and sent them over to chat up lonely men.
Propoganda lead Americans to think that it was the Germans or the Italians who were bad people, but their governments. But they didn't like the japanese.
The WAR RELOCATION AUTHORITY was created to see to it that the army "intern" Japanese Americans.
Issei and Nisei were rounded up and put in relocation centers, which were like prisons.
Case court: KOREMATSU V. U.S. was ruled taht relocation was permissible.
In 1944 most internees were released and in 1945 they were allowed to return to the West Coast.
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Battle of the buldge ended with the Americans winning and ended serious German resistance in the west.
D-DAY- June 6 1944. Aliled forces invade Germans in France.
General Omar Bradley general of the First army lead in both of these battles.
On April 30 Hitler Killed himself and on May 8, 1945 the German forces surrendered.
Japanese were getting weakened by Admiral Chester Nimitz and a lack of food rations and supplies, like gasoline.
The Chinese helped U.S. attack the Japanese. General Joseph W. Stilwell helped to provide supplies to the chinese. The Japanese kept blocking their supplies, but Stilwell built a road and pipelines that became known as the Burma Road, the Ledo Road, and the Stilwell Road.
Chiang, the premier didn't want to attack the Japanese, but the Chinese Communists. Stilwell called him a peanut.
THE BATTLE OF LEYTE GULF was the largest naval engagement in history, which caused the Japanese to give up a continuining a serious war.
U.S. gets island of Iwo Jima only after the costliest single battle in the history of the Marine Corps.
U.S. gets Okinawa after 150000 people died.
Manhattan project
Enrico Fermi discovered Uranium in Italy. in 1930.
The army got the research and General Leslie Groves was in charge of the project.
Derivitive of Uranium: plutonium was discovered and proved to be actually of use.
Scientists under the direction of J. Robert Oppenheimer, were charged with the construction of the actual atomic bomb.
Trinity was the first atomic bomb tested.
On August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay, dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima.
On August 8, 1945 another atomic weapon was dopped on Nagasaki killing more than 10000 people.
On September 2, 1945 the Japanese surrended on the MIssouri American Battleship.