Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
concept 10-12 - Coggle Diagram
concept 10-12
chapter 10
DNA replication
DNA replication depends on specific base printing
semiconservative model
DNA replication proceeds in two directions at many sites simultaneously
DNA ligase
DNA liagse
enzyme that links
DNA polymerase
The flow of Genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein
Transfer RNA molecules serve as interpreters during translation
transfer RNA (tRNA)
anticodon
Ribosomes build polypeptides
ribosome
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus as mRNA
intron
exons
messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA splicing
An initiation codon marks the start of an mRNA message
start codon
Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA
RNA polymerase
terminator
promoter
Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation
stop codon
The genetic code dictates how codons are translated into amino acids
genetic code
The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA-->RNA--> protein
genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acids sequences
codon
triplet code
Mutations can affects genes
nonsense mutations
frameshift mutation
missense mutation
silent mutation
mutagen
mutation
Genes control phenotypic traits through the expression of proteins
transcription
translation
The structure of the genetic material
DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides
polynucleotide
nucleotide
sugar-phosphate backbone
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
RNA
Uracil (U)
DNA is a double-stranded helix
double helix
Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material
Bacteriophage
phage
The genetics of viruses and Bacteria
The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template
retrovirus
reverse transcriptase
Prions are infectious proteins.
prion
Emerging viruses threaten human health
HIV
AIDS
emerging viruses
Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways.
transformation
transduction
conjucation
Many viruses cause disease in animals and plants
Can be passed down from generation- like HIV or AIDS
Bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene transfer.
F factor
plasmid
R plasmid
gene
Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome
lytic cycle
lysogenic cycle
capsid
prophage
virus
COVID
COVID viruses, it is attacked on respiratory
chapter 12: DNA technology and Genomics
DNA profiling
Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size
gel electrophoresis
Short tandem repeat analysis used for DNA profiling
short tandem repeat (STR)
STR analysis
repetitive DNA
repetitive DNA: short tandem repeat (STR)
PCR is used to amplify DNA sequences
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
primers
Analysis of genetic markers produce DNA
DNA profiling
forensics
DNA profiling provided evidence in forensic investigation
include:
establish paternity
identify victims
solve crimes
gene cloning and editing
nucleic acid probes label DNA segments
nucleic acid probe
reverse transcriptase help gene cloning
reverse transcriptase
complementary DNA (cDNA)
enzymes- cut and paste DNA
restriction site
restriction fragments
restriction enzyme
DNA ligase
gene edited by new technology
technology and biotechnology
genes cloned in recombinant plasmids
gene cloning
DNA ligase
clone
vector
DNA cloning
plasmid
genetic engineering
Recombinant DNA
DNA technology
biotechnology
bacterial plasmids (vector) w/ recombinant DNA
genetically modified organisms
GMO transforming agriculture
genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
transgenic organism
Use of GMO is questioned
experiment with 68 Chinese schoolchildren
104 pig: some fed 39% GMO corn and the rest not
DNA technology change pharmaceutical industry
vaccine
Gene therapy for diseases
gene therapy
recombinant cells gene production
genomics and bioinformatics
Human Genome project reveal
Human genome project (HGP)
Whole-genome method with wealthy data
whole-genome shotgun method
genomics- study of whole genomes
genomics
field of bioinformatics expand knowledge
proteomics
bioinformatics
small DNA sequenced directly
next and third generation sequencing machines
DNA sequencing
from small samples
enzymes and cellular respiration
Genomes hold clues to human evolution
databases
chapter 11: How genes are controlled
cloning of plants and animals
biologists can close animal- nuclear transplantation
reproductive cloning
nuclear transplantation
therapeutic cloning can produce stem cells
therapeutic cloning
embryonic stem cells
adult stem cell
Plant cloning shows differentiated cell
regeneration
totipotent
clone
clone
DNA, biological, therapeutic, making the same, reproductive
the genetic basis of cancer
genetic changes in cancer
protein interfere with normal transduction
Cancer results from mutations in genes
proto-oncogene
oncogene
tumor-suppressor gene
cancer
proto-oncogene --> oncogene
lifestyle choice reduce risk of cancer
carcinogen
control of gene expression
researchers monitor specific gene expression
DNA microarray
nucleic acid hybridization
Signal transduction pathways to convert message
signal transductive pathway
cells and gene expression- animal development
homeotic gene
animal develop by RNA and protein
cell signaling system appeared early
mechanism regulate gene expression
noncoding RNA- multiple roles in gene expression
small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
formation of centromere
methylation for gamete formation
RNA interference of translation
RNA interference (RNAi)
microRNA (miRNA)
block translation of partially complementing mRNAs
degrade complementing mRINAs
Later stage of gene expression- regulation
regulatory proteins for translation
protein processing
breakdown of mRNA
mRNA
Eukaryotic RNA may be spliced in more than one way
alternative RNA splicing
Humans 90% protein-coding gene
complex proteins control eukaryote
transcription factor
proteins assisting
RNA polymerase
RNA polymeras
transcription enzyme
enhancers
eukaryotes usually use activators
gene off
chromosomes structure and chemical modifications
differentiation
cells
nucleosome
histone
histones + DNA--> nucleosomes
packed up DNA= no expression
epigenetic inheritance
X chromosome inactivation
barr body
proteins interact with DNA
gene expression
gene regulation
regulatory proteins
operon
gene expression
promotor
operator
repressor
regulatory gene
activator
chapters 1-3
chapter 2
reactions
reactions
chapter 3
nucleic acids
nucleic acids
biopolymers
enzymes
gene expression
chapter 1
vaccine
vaccine used for many viruses and diseases
vaccine for HIV and other diseases
genes and genetic information
DNA
G
T
A
C
chapters 7-9
chapter 8
cancerous cells
cancer
chapter 9
genetics- pass down genes to children- could be diseases also
chapter 7
science, technology and society theme
technology
theme and helps in biology
chapters 4-6
chapter 5
chapter 6
cellular respiration
breathing in and out
use respiratory
problems with breathing because of virus
chapter 4
introduction to the cell
cell
prokaryotic cell
eukaryotic cell