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Populations and Ecosystems - Coggle Diagram
Populations and Ecosystems
Plants in Relationship to Their Habitat
Components for migratory animals
2) summer area
3) migration routes
1) winter area
2 types of components
Abiotic
Climate: critically important
components of climate
temperature importance
lowest winter temperature
highest summer temperature
rainfall
moisture: rain, snow, or hail
seasonal extremes
timing
ecosystem dependent
increase in water = increase in the growth and reproduction
winds
relative humidity
Soil Factors
Soils
identical to parent rock
macro and micronutrients
breakdown of rock
young soils deficient in nitrogen
Pioneers
tolerate several conditions
little water-holding capacity
nitrogen-fixed prokaryotes
sandy soil
change soil
1st plants to invade soil
Thick soil: 3 layers (horizons)
B
horizon
zone of deposition
materials form
A
horizon accumulate
nutrient rich
contains humus and clay
C
horizon
parent rock
rock fragments
A
horizon
AKA zone of leaching
litter and debris
uppermost
rainwater washes nutrients
Latitude and Altitude
latitude
@ equator days = 12 hours
higher latitudes
north or south
summer days and winter night longer
Arctic and Antarctic Circles: mid-summer day and mid-winter nights = 24 hours
altiude
high altitude similar to high latitude
Disturbacne
Phenomena: fires, landslides, snow avalanches, and floods
major change in ecosystem
affect biotic factors
eliminate individuals in area
alter soil
alter species relationship with ecosystem
Biotic
The Plant Itself
: habitat modification
particular species
detrimental
neutral
beneficial
beech/ oak forests
produce canopy
few seedlings grow
mature trees aid seedlings
Other Plant Species
mutualism: beneficial to both
competition: disadvantages
2 species do not grow well together
limited same resources
Theories
Competitive Exclusion
less adapted species excluded
eliminated from ecosystem
Overlap
species overlap with tolerance ranges
overlap zone: habitat suitable for both
determined by competition
Organisms Other than Plants
Animals, fungi, and prokaryotes
Interrelationship
beneficial
detrimental
mutualism examples
pollination
association of ants and acacias in Central America
Commensal Relationship
1 benefits
1 unaffected
example: birds and trees
Predation
1 benefits
1 is harmed
Herbivory
herbivore
browsing
grazing
Habitat
: a set of conditions which an organism completes its life cycle.
The Structure of Ecosystems
Physiognomic Structure
physical size and shape
distribution
physical environment constitute
system of life forms
Temporal Structure
change of ecosystem with time constitute
time span: day seasons, or decades
Spring
flower production
new leaves
late summer and autumn
ecosystem dependent
leaves and fruits fall
tropical ecosystem
no winter or summer
dry and wet seasons
Species Composition
number and diversity of a species in an ecosystem
dependent on climate
soil quality
species tolerance
Trophic Levels
feeding levels
autotrophs
Photosynthesis, dominant method
The Structure of Populations
Geographic Distribution
Boundaries of the Geographic Range
plants ability to adopt
one factor determines health of plant
limiting factor
applies to plants interaction with habitat
any factor can act
biotic factors
critical
water to dessert plants
pollination animals
soil factors
mineral composition
soil texture
Local Geographic Distribution
large-scale geographic distribution
small-scale, local distribution
3 types of local distribution
random distribution
no obvious pattern
no predictive value
clumped distribution
spacing small or large
rarely averaged
seed falls close to parent
animal eats and deposits fertilizer
uniform distribution
individuals even spaced
common tree plantation
zones created by release of chemicals
allelochemics
allelopathy
example: purple salvias in California
Age Distribution: Demography
population reacts to various factors
relative proportions
rate of population growth
Generation Time
time between birth of individual to birth of first generation
affect population growth
terms of generations, not years
Intrinsic Rate of Natural Increase
AKA biotic potential
number produced that live long enough to reproduce under ideal conditions
does not = # of seeds produced
ideal conditions do not occur often
carry capacity
birth rate decrease
death rate increase
r- and K-Selection
young phase
population growth limited by biotic potential, r
crowed conditions
population growth governed by carrying capacity, K
r- Selection
disturbance = r conditions
plent of resources for living species
threat of predators is slow
biotic potential = limiting factor
mutations have an advantage
more like pioneer r-slected species
K- Selection
crowded conditions
population close to carrying capacity
every possible spot filled
1 dies , another takes over
K-selected species
cannot grow
cannot reproduce
compete with others
adaptions to use scarce resources
