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HUMAN RIGHTS GEOGRAPHY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - variation in human health and life expectancy can occur at a variety of spatial scales; global, internationally and nationally `
        
        Australia has the highest life expectancy in the world (espc in new south wales) but lower life expectancies are found in northern territories. this is thought to be due to high rates of aboriginals in the north where life expectancy is 69, this may be due to high levels of deprivation, high risk of drug taking & social disadvantages etc. australia has excellent human rights however they have a low quality of treatment of asylum seekers, disabled rights and a long running issue with the treatment of aboriginals.
        
        The relationship between economic and social progress is complex, however at the 2016 G20 summit in Hanzhou all 20 leaders agreed that global economic growth would lead to improved conditions for all people.
        
        the MDG are a set of goals agreed in the 2000s in a series of interntaional conferences and summit meetings of world leaders. the aim was to fight poverty and combat a range of issues effecting human development
        
        the MDGS include 1) eradicate extreme poverty which has been reduced by 56% 2) achieve universal primary education, increased from 75% to 91% 3) promote gender equality already has been successful in parts of Asia with 103 girls for every 100 boys 4) reduce child mortality fallen from 90 to 43 deaths per 1000 5) improve maternal health especially in places like s Asia and sub saharan Africa 6) combat HIV and other diseases new hip infections have fallen by 40% 7) ensure environmental sustainability ie the removal of ozone depleting substances
        
        The dominant IGOs have traditionally promoted neo-liberal views based on the adoption of free trade, privatisation and deregulation of financial markets but also, recent programmes have been aimed at improving environmental quality, health, education and human rights.
        
        world bank is Part of the United Nations. it Lends money to emerging and developing countries to promote development and It funds projects such as roads, hydro-electric power, telecoms and water supply schemes. it is helping education by investing over 35 million USD into education as well as focusing in those who are most disadvantaged in education such as women. they are also helping environmentally by launching a climate change action plan in 2016 and Aims to provide flooding early warning systems for 100 million people, and develop investment in agriculture for 40 countries (all by 2020)
        
        the IMF Promotes global economic stability, by intervening in countries that experience economic difficulties (usually focusses on heavily indebted countries) In return for re-arranging loans at adjusted rates of interest, and at more affordable repayments, the conditions forcing the state to reduce its role in the economy (e.g. by privatising energy or water companies) and in social welfare (spending on health and education). and It is currently working with the Haitian government to make the economy more resilient, especially after Hurricane Matthew in 2016. It aims to make Haiti an emerging economy by 2030.
        
        the WTO promotes free trade through negotiations between countries in order to improve economic development and reduce debt however this is often a threat to the environment. to combat this they Restrict the international movement of products or species that are potentially harmful or endangered
        
        Brazil is a middle income country with large socioeconomic inequalities and extreme disparities in income which may affect peoples health directly. there is a life expectancy of 70 yrs for men and 78 for women, however in the Northern territory there is a lower life expectancy due to the areas remoteness and undeveloped nature. also only approx 800 000 indigenous people live in comparison to 5 million before colonisers.
        
        constitutional monarchy involves a government and a monarchy (uk) , an absolute monarchy involves no government and the royal family have all the power (saudi arabia), socialist republic often are former communist countries with no monarchy (china), a totalitarian involves one main party with little democracy (eygpt), a democratic republic is a mixture of principles shared by republics and democracies (south africa).
        
        social progress can be accelerated by social activism (gender empowerment), social enterprise (education), government intervention (NHS), economic development, through infrastructure spending or environmental wellbeing, by reducing pollution. some countries are committed to being a welfare state and prioritise education and healthcare before economic development whereas other countries may invest more into business and infrastructure etc, a few countries may prioritise military spending ie. north korea.
        
        France has one of the highest levels of government spending as a percentage of GDP in the G20 - 56.1%. Healthcare is predominantly state funded however the french pay top up insurance. High welfare and pensions payments as someone who had worked full time for 40 years would receive twice the 2018 UK State pension (£15000 and £7500). also have a high spending in education of £8500 per year per student
        
        Saudi Arabia is the most autocratic power in the G20, where the ruling family assumes absolute authority. 97% of export earnings come from oil production, and this is largely owned by the royal elite, which control the Saudi economy and, to some extent, the oil price. However, this means that when oil prices fall the economy becomes debt-ridden. 80% of hospital are state owned and they are of high quality and free. there is a high rate of unemployment as women do not have the right to work however unemployment pay is around £400 a month. education spending is lower than france and it focuses mainly on religious teachings with only low levels of science taught.
      - Health is important for human development, since poor health can have the negative consequences for development. spatial variation preset in LDCS like kenya where there is a 5% growth rate in the economy, however this is offset by ethiopia which is the fastest growing economy in the world. furthermore the democratic republic of congo is one of the poorest nations worldwide; with a life expectancy of 54, high maternal mortality, 40% suffer from malnutrition. DRofC has a surplus of natural resources but due to constant conflict with neighbouring countries this affects the resources distribution and supply. Algeria is another country in africa that has changed massively 1) gdp risen by 30% 2) life expectancy increased by 17 years 3) expected schooling years increased by 5
      - increases in health and life expectancy in the developed world often occur when income increases however there is variation in middle income countries. for example 1) polarised societies where both the extreme rich and poor exist together due to corruption and 2) deprivation where health and qofl falls to a low level. spatial variation is also present within the uk, this is oftn caused by ethnicity (ie language barriers and different cultures), poverty deprivation (like income disparities and access to healthcare), socioeconomic group and affordability of healthcare. a significant divide in the uk is the N/S divide where those in the north can be up to 4x more likely to get coronary heart disease. an ethnic divide is also present in obesity rates where those who are not white are more likely to be obese.
    - - inequalities in education along the lines of gender, rural location, race etc are still present and more than half the world children have not have sufficient education. lowest rates are found where only 41% are educated at primary school level, only 61% of teachers are qualified leading to a lower quality of teaching, girls are also prevented from going to school as they are needed for chores. In Niger, one of the world's poorest countries, only 8% of children reached Grade 4 (where basic literacy and numeracy skills are taught, end-of primary level). things that affect education involve location (ie if there is war), children wanted for work etc. In 2014 only 30% of LDCS had access to electricity and sanitation.
      - access to education in the uk; 96% of private school kids attend uni whereas only 36% of state school kids attend university. only 16% of children on free school meals attend university.
- - - - The Geneva Convention helped define war crimes, (e.g. torture, rape, genocide, child soldiers, bombing civilians, chemical weapons). Those accused of war crimes can be tried at the International Criminal Court (ICC) set up in 2002. Recognition of the ICC by sovereign states is widespread (123 signatories) but not universal (the USA, China, Russia, India etc.).
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      - difficulties with the ICC include nternational cooperation to bring war criminals to trial can be hard to achieve as not all states agree with and war criminals have to be captured and then brought to the Hague: those accused often attempt to avoid this at all costs etc
    - - cananda invokes human rights. ananda works closely with the eu to promote shared values in multilateral forums such as the UN. Canada work to promote freedom of speech and free press which is supported by a democratic political system. all human rights abuses are investigated and it has a law to protect the indigenous populations. however there are issues with detention especially when immigrants are involved. also the violation of the indigenous peoples clean water etc
      - singapore prioritises economic development. it has one of the worlds highest GDPs and has a very competitive market which encourages high levels of fdi however this comes with a cost of human rights. they have limited civil rights, press and media freedoms. they also still employ the death penalty with the highest execution rate per capita. permits are often declined for events about politics. rights of LGBTQ are also very limited
      - Democracy is a key aspect of human rights. A democratic political system allows people to vote out of office a government that is doing a bad job. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), democracy is surprisingly rare. you have full democracy involving freedom politically and civil liberties, flawed democracy involving civil liberties however stuff like the media is controlled. hybrid regimes elections are not free and fair, the legal system is not independent of the government and corruption is widespread and authoritarian regime dictatorship, or systems where elections are meaningless; civil liberty abuses are common
        
        china is a communist country with a one party government. it has the suppression of the media and internet as well as unfair trials and tortue. the death penalty is still in place
        
        india is a democratic republic with parlitary system of the government. there is however massive discrimination due to the caste system and high levels of violence to religious minorities and lots of sexual abuse towards woman and children. they are currently aiming to have freedom of speech however they still partake in state censorship
        
        Human rights depend on having people in power who are prepared to protect them. An independent judiciary is a key principle of a democratic government, referred to as separation of powers between those who make laws (government) and those who apply them (judiciary), The overall impact of corruption is to create an untouchable group of powerful, wealthy people supported by a corrupt judicial system. Ordinary people are then left with no means of having their human rights upheld, so human rights abuses are widespread. Inevitably, countries with high levels of corruption (as measured by indices such as Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index (CPI)) are those with the worst track records on human rights.
        
        The judiciary is undermined by corruption (for private benefit) because this can subvert the rule of law. judges can be bribed to dismiss human rights cases by TNCS and wealthy people. The appointment of judges can be influenced by politicians, rather than them being appointed independently and Corrupt politicians can steal government money, or foreign aid, so that it cannot be used as intended to improve human rights.
        
        Human rights can also vary within sovereign states, especially post-colonial ones that gained their independence from European colonial powers in the period 1945-80. an example of this is rwanda (former colony of Belgium) where the hutus and tutsis had tensions leading to a mass genocide for 100 days due to the death of the Hulu president.
        
        Differences in rights are frequently reflected in differences in levels of health and education as shown in the Australian indigenous groups. in 1788 permanent settlers from Europe arrived -> up to 1945 there was a whites only policy -> 1970s immigration laws relaxed leading to an increase in non whites -> 2007 rights of indigenous act -> closing the gap policy in 2008 to help indigenous peoples -> 2010 first female prime minister -> 2016 has 30% population born over seas
        
        closing the gap policy has allowed for a 12.5% growth rate of indigenous peoples, allowed for increase health and life expectancy and 14700 indegenous are enrolled in education.
        
        australia now grants two types of visas. refugee visas and special humanitarian visas for people who are subject to discrimination and loss of human rights in their home countries.
        
        also mention women in afghan where during the 1980s under Taliban rule women rights were gradually removed due to sharia law. and women in Bolivia where gender violence causes more death and injury to women than any other illness and accidents.
        
        Differences in human rights do lead to real differences in income, education, health and opportunity between different groups, even within the same country. This is seen as unfair and unjustifiable, and has led to demands for equality
        
        indigenous australians were only counted in the national census, and allowed to vote, in 1967. Starting in 1976, some land rights have been granted to indigenous people, so they have the title to some of their traditional lands. indigenous peoples still feel under-represented in politics and business, and feel their rights have not been met
        
        Evo Morales the Bolivian President brought rapid changes for indigenous people. his policies have been targeted at reducing discrimination against the indigenous. Land reform, education reform to get indigenous youth into university, a literacy campaign, benefits for those in poverty and increased health spending have all improved well-being for indigenous groups
        
        in afghan Progress in women's education and participation was made between 1973 and 1992, but was reversed when the Taliban took power in 1996 observing an extremely strict version of Sharia law which treats women with brutality. They were the effective government of Afghanistan from 1996-2001.
        Women could not go out alone, appear on TV, be visible in a house from the street, be employed or even get medical attention. Since 2001, limited progress has been made
- - - - haiti is the poorest country in the world with 4/5 Haitians living below the poverty line and 30% of the adult population are illiterate . Their natural history of disaster involved 2002/04 flooding displacing many. 2008 3 hurricanes, 2010 7 magnitude earthquake, cholera epidemic etc. Human history of disaster includes exploitation of resources, debt to France, massive violations of human rights, unequal wealth/power
        
        economic development can improve human rights and welfare. If businesses grow, they provide jobs and incomes and people's lives improve. The reduction in poverty in China from 88% of people in 1981 to 5% in 2018 was largely driven by job creation in cities, fuelled by FDI in Chinese industry. in low-income, developing countries, economic development is often focused on the primary economic sector, key players are often involved here such as TNS like shell and government owned companies etc, thus often damaging the environment and often kicking out indigenous people
        
        military intervention is the decision to intervene militarily in the affair of another country. The decision process can be complicated both nationally and internationally. Intervention may occur to protect strategic resources, such as oil supply, especially from the Middle East. Intervention in Iraq in the 1990s and 2000s can partly be seen in this context, to protect shipping routes for oil, gas and other goods, such as the Suez and Panama canals or to prevent any further conflict occurring
        
        Military aid takes the form of training another country's military personnel to fight, or operate military equipment, plus the supply of weapons either for free or at subsidised prices.
        
        libya and the overthrow of gaddafi gaddafi was though to be seriously abusing human rights during his 40years of presidency ie the hanging of students for protesting. He was also suspected of terroist involvement, he was assassinated in October 2011 and rival authorities are still fighting for control
        
        war on terror has been occurring since the 9/11 attacks and involved the US sending groups into afghan and Iraq to ‘protect the us’. It often involves the us of torture (an act where severe pain and suffering is inflicted intentionally onto another person to obtain info) and extraordinary rendition (the process of sending forge in criminals without legal processes to a foreign government for detention and interrogation). Consequences of torture involve a lack of trust between countries and greater risk of harsh treatment if captured.
        
        USA and Colombia USA argues that military aid in Colombia helps maintain peace and tackles illegal groups. Military aid has shed human rights conditions however when aid is suspended human rights abuses continued.
        
        uk and Saudi arabia have a mutually beneficial agreement, the UK supplies Saudi with defence equipment in return for oil. Saudi Arabia have a low record of human rights however the UK are to afraid to intervene due to the fear of losing military contracts and their supply of oil.
        
        niger delta has toxins released and respiratory issues caused by TNCs. Increased water pollution from the oil also affected the fish industry. The oil industry also led to mass destruction of mangrove forest which are crucial to slow down sea level rise. Oil residue also kills marine life reducing biodiversity and is linked to global warming. Life expectancy is also only 40
        
        In west Africa there have been lots of cases of land grabbing where TNCs buy up farmland. Thus creates social tensions between ethnic groups and well as a potential loss in human rights (as being seen in Ethiopia). Also reduces biodiversity. The ability of local people to feed themselves through farming is reduced
      - devlopmental aid has been successful as smallpox eliminated, cholera and typhoid eliminated, reduction in both extreme poverty and malaria deaths. developmental aid has been criticised because malaria is still no1 killer, lack of safe water supply etc
        
        Growing concerns over developmental aid because aid goods can flood the local markets, unfair distribution, aid money often spent on military, corrupt officials, encourages aid dependency, aid country at risk if aid stops also aid may be unreliable so hard to develop
        
        negative impacts of economic intervenion are damage to the environment and human health, imdegnius groups often suffer ie. oil exploitation in Niger and land grabbing in Kenya, also profits made often leak back to TNC in developing countries
- - - - interventions can have dual impact western countries may introduce democratic institutions to the country as well as freedom of expression -> both of these are seen as crucial to development of democracy and capitalism as well as economic development
        
        democracy vs authoritarianintroduction of democracy is deemed important and freedom of expression is seen as central to development of democracy and capitalism. -> developed countries will find it easier to force military and economic ties w developing countries if they are democratic. democracy aid has increased from I billion per year in the 80s to 15 billion in 2015
      - In some countries, the success of foreign aid, military interventions to end conflict and trade embargoes or sanctions is measured by subsequent economic growth rather than an improvement in human rights or a growth in democracy wheras The concept of holistic development is seen as less important
        
        Development aid and intervention have a very mixed record of success. In theory, intervention and aid promoted by Western countries should promote economic and social development, improve health and education, and increase human rights, however this is not always the case. an example of a successful intervention is the ebola outbreak which took 21 months to eradicate and a unsuccessful example could be Haiti corruption and poor governance
        
        ebola was first reported in Africa in 2014 -> 2014/15 killed more than any other outbreak combined -> deaths were 11300 -> infected were 28000 -> symptoms include internal bleeding, fever, joint pain etc. there were management issues as affected counties were among the poorest in the world and therefore had increased vulnerability. symptoms also took 21 days to present. the response was set up 6 months after the first case by the UN to inform, educate, manage treatment, control the outbreak and oversea distribution of medical supplies *successes8 are that by jan 2016 WHO declared the region as free from the disease.
        
        Botswana gained interdependence from the uk in the 60s and was one of the worlds poorest countries, it is however now one of the largest exporters of diamonds and classed as middle income. however there is a poor life expectancy due to loss of HIV/AIDS however a education program has managed to contain it relativley okay
        
        top down aid may have increased the gap between the rich and the poor whereas bottom up has decreased the gap
        
        Development aid, often combined with intervention that attempts to manage epidemics, natural disasters or conflict, should reduce economic inequality and improve people's lives. Economic inequality is often measured with the Gini coefficient.
        
        an example is Ghana's who's HDI increased significantly after 2000: this is partially due to increased development aid flowing to Ghana within the UN Millennium Goal framework. Since 2004 Ghana has received $1.1-1.8 billion in aid each year it has increased from 0.455 to 0.592. Vietnam has made the fastest, steadiest progress: this is the result of foreign investment by TNCs as Vietnam globalises and copies the Chinese model of manufacturing exports going from 0.47 to 0.69
        
        A major issue with development aid is the suspicion that it often has as much to do with geopolitics as it does with improving socio-economic conditions in developing countries. ie Chinese aid to Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Russia and Turkmenistan is linked to the Chinese Belt and Road economic plan, sometimes called the 'New Silk Road'. This is a massive plan to develop new sea and land trade routes between China, South Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Although this is very hard to prove, aid recipients might be expected to support their donor countries within IGOs such as the UN or WTO -> aid can help win political support.
        
        in the DRC there have been costs and gains from UN action. costs involve that despite 20 years of UN action, in 2018 the war was still raging in the Ituri and Kivu regions, DRC is more dependent than ever on warlord-controlled conflict minerals, Over 5 million dead, including 200 UN peacekeepers, GDP per capita $458 and Shocking war crimes, involving child soldiers and sexual violence, have been widespread. gains include The UN may have prevented wider, direct involvement by other countries, e.g. a World War in Africa, The UN has collected evidence that may lead to war crimes trials and Humanitarian help and aid has been provided by the UN, protected by peacekeepers
        
        Any military intervention, either by the UN, a coalition of countries or an individual country inevitably means the sovereignty of the country where the intervention takes place is severely eroded. Intervention may make a bad human rights situation worse. Failed intervention risks prolonging conflict, with greater numbers of deaths, injuries and human rights abuse. The West's failure to create a situation where a stable, unified, democratic post-intervention government could exist in Somalia, Libya, Iraq or Afghanistan
        
        non military interventions such as UN peace keeping missions also occur to resolve conflict and improve HR. troups and police join from around the world as well as civillians. this type of peace keeping began in 1948 too moniter palestine but has since spread and now occurs in israel. all parties must consent to be involved. cote davoire is an example of peacekeeping success, this area has been independent since the 60s and it has a strong economy based on cocoa and coffee plus trade for landlocked countries. in 1999 civil war occurred however this was later resolved by the UN in 2007
        
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