Homo sapiens
Population distribution- How everybody is spread on earth
Population density-The amount of people found per unit area
Birth rate-number of births annually-birth certificate
Death rate-Number of deaths annually-Death certificate
Migration-Movement
Immigration-people moving into a country
Emigration-people moving out of a country
Gender ratio-The ratio of boys to girls in a country at a particular period of time
The percentage of different age groups in a total population of a country
Population Pyramids
Population pyramids show the population, birth rate and death rate of a specific country. The population pyramid varies from country to country. Different population pyramids of a country classify them into stages- Stage 1, Stage 2 and so on.
How to read a population pyramid- Start by checking it's birth rate. That is dependent on the bottom. At the bottom you can see ages 0-4, 5-9 etc and keeps moving upward. until maybe 100.So, if the bottom area is really broad, you can say that this country has a high birth rate. You can also write maybe-that there is enough work force to support the future of that country. Now, wherever the ages end- like when I said it may go up to 100, that is classified as the people of old age. So if this is broad- that means the country has an aged population. Whereas, if it is narrow, you can say that the country's average death rate is 100(if the pyramid numbers go upto 100).
Stages
Stage 1-Birth rates High-Death rates high-They're both high because there would be no hospitals to cure the sick, no family planning, house maintenance, diseases etc. A country in stage one is very underdeveloped. Examples-Jamaica, places in amazon
Stage 2-Birth rates high-Death rates decreasing-The death rates are decreasing because there being longer life expectancy, better livelihood and more developed medical care. A country in this stage, would be steadily developing. Example-Yemen
Stage 3-Birth rates high-Death rates lowering-the death rates continue to reduce because we've developed even more in medical care and family planning has been incorporated. Examples-China and India
Stage 4- Birth rates low-Death rates low-these cities are very developed however, there won't be enough work force to stabilise the country in the future.Examples-UK, USA
Lastly population pyramids help to predict the future of that country.
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Marginalisation
Marginalisation is the exclusion of specific people from society. It can be something like excluding poor people, tribal people and maybe even minority religions like Muslims.
Who are the people who get excluded?
Minority religions-Muslims
Tribal people
Dalits
They're poor people. They're the downtrodden sections of society. According to traditional Hindu hierarchy-they are at the lowest position in society. In the 1970's mumbai cast riots and the Dalits named themselves the "Dalit panthers".
Minority is not just numeric but a symbol of political, social, and economic disadvantage to the group.
Muslim community are amongst the lowest in getting access to basic amenities such as water, housing, sanitation, education and even public employment.
8% or 84 million of Indians are ‘Scheduled Tribes’ or STs.
Live in plains, forests, mountains, hills, deserts, urban industrial areas, etc.
Scheduled means recognised by the government
Marginalisation has some problems
Discrimination
Prejudice
Stereotyping
When marginalised people are seen by particular, fixed and inflexible features only. Something like labels.
Ex: The tribals are seen as always wearing colourful hats and living in jungles.
Negative or exclusionary actions toward another group.
Ex:Dalits are refused entry in certain temples.
‘Pre-judgment’ or pre-conceived attitudes and opinions one group holds over another. Can be negative or positive.
Ex: Muslims are religious
Economic marginalisation
Economic disadvantage suffered by marginalised groups such as lack of adequate job opportunities, low-paying jobs, lack of access to resources, etc.
Colonial India - Forest Acts and setting up of irrigation colonies took away lands belonging to nomadic tribes, forest tribes, etc.
Independent India - In the name of national development, mineral rich tribal lands were taken away
Muslims and economic marginalisation
IAS officers – only 3% are Muslim
IPS officers – only 4% are Muslim
IFS officers – only 1.8% are Muslim
3.3% work in Public Sector Undertakings
Policies to stop marginalisation