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Unit 6: Developmental Psychology： psychology that studies physical,…

- - - - schemas a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
        
        assimilate:interpreting our new experiences in
        
        accommodation: adapting our current understandings
      - Four stages of develop
        
        Sensorimotor Stage: from age0-2
        
        babie take the world through their senses and action
        
        They lack of object permanence: babies think the object is gone even that object is just behind the tree or not in their visual field
        
        􏰢􏰅􏰗􏰔􏰕􏰖􏰇􏰗 􏰔􏰕􏰞􏰌􏰇􏰅􏰋􏰢􏰅􏰗􏰔􏰕􏰖􏰇􏰗 􏰔􏰕􏰞􏰌􏰇􏰅􏰋stranger anxious
        
        Preoperational Stage: age 2-7
        
        Child learn language, not still have no logic
        
        -
        
        Lack of conservation: the concept that the mass, weight stay the same despite the form of the object
        
        Egocentric: children cannot change the view
        
        lack of Theory of mind: people’s ideas about their own and others’mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
        
        concrete operational stage. By age 6,7: begin to think, get conservation, and logic
        
        Concrete formal operational stage, after 12: reasoning and logic
  - - - Body contact
        
        enough body contact: secure based
        
        not enough: insecure
      - familarty
        
        critical period: an optimal period when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development
        
        imprinting : he process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life
      - Temperament: characteristic
    - - 6month: self awareness
      - 15-18month: can recognize themselves in mirror
      - school: gender group
      - 8-10: self image
      - 12self concept
    - - Permissive: only make few demands
      - Authoritative: parents are both demanding and responsive.
      - Authoritarian: Authoritarian
- - - - formal operations：apply their new abstract reasoning tools to the world around them.
    - - Lawrence Kohlberg (1981, 1984) : moral reasoning, the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong
        
        three basic levels of moral thinking
        
        Conventional morality (early adolescence): focus on social, maintain rules to gain social approvel and order
        
        Postconventional morality (adolescence and beyond): have their own ethic rules
        
        Preconventional morality: basically only focus on themselves, obey the rule to avoid punishment
    - - Jonathan Haidt: quick gut feelings, or affectively laden intuitions
  - - - 0-1: Infancy: Trust vs. mistrust, basic trust
      - 1-3 Toddlerhood: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt,
      - 3-6 Preschool: Initiative vs. guilt
      - 6-puberty Elementary school,Competence vs. inferiority
      - teen years into 20s Adolescence,Identity vs. role confusion
      - 20-40 Middle adulthood Generativity vs. stagnation
      - Late adulthood: Integrity vs. despair
- - - - love
      - work
- - - - man: accomplishment
      - woman: relationship
    - - gender role
      - social learning theory: we learn to be boyish and girlish
      - gender cognition
        
        gender identity: internal sense
        
        gender expression: our communication of gender identity through behavior
        
        gender type: how other see us
        
        sexual orientation
  - - - X chromosome: girl
      - Y chromosome: boi, testosterone
    - - primary sex characteristics: reproductive organs and external genitalia
      - secondary sex characteristics: not reproductive organs such as breast and hip
      - menarche: 初潮