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BRAIN AND BEHAVIOUR - Coggle Diagram

- - - - memory
      - emotion
      - motivation
    - - senses, relay data
    - - regulation of sex, hunger ,thirst
    - - create memory
  - - - frontal lobe
        
        motor cortex
      - perirenal lobe
        
        sensory
      - temporal lobe
        
        sensory
      - occipital lobe
        
        sensory
      - association cortex
        
        neither deal with sensory or motor tasks
        
        left hemisphere
        
        broccas area (speech)
        
        wernicks (language, writing)
  - - - hypothalamus controls pitutrity gland controls endocrine organs
      - example HPA axis
      - glands
        
        gonads sex gland
        
        thyroid mood and energy
- - - - positive, playful, creativity, explore
      - negative, withdraw, revenge, change
      - subjective aspect of emotions can be triggered by thinking self and felt as happening to self (agent and object)
      - objective aspects include the learned innate expression (facial expressions) and physio changes
  - - - FACIAL EXPRESSION
        
        voluntary, pyramidal motor system includes motor cortex, when damaged cannot fake expression
        
        involuntary, extra pyramidal, as well as areas below the cortex, when damaged remain expressionless even when experiencing emotion
      - CEREBRAL CORTEX
        
        2 hemispheres, damage to right no longer laugh at jokes, left hemisphere when team is winning
        
        right side greater activity with anger and depression
        
        both sides, perception, experience, expression, of emotion
        
        challenge to map brains role in emotion
      - LIMBIC SYSTEM (MEMORY AND EMOTION)
        
        central to emotion especially the amygdala
        
        amygdala, learning, emotional association, expression, words,
        
        if dysfunctional cannot read faces
    - - ORGANISATION OF ANS
        
        PNS AND SNS OPPOSITE EFFECTS, release acetylcholine protect and nourish.
        
        sympathetic, release noradrenaline stimulate action activity other parts o sns activate in "SYMPATHY" (FIGHT OR FLIGHT)
      - heart, blood, digestion, organs, glands
      - physio changes due to emotion
      - sympathetic NS, activity, free energy by secreting glucose generating hormones promoting blood flow
      - parasympathetic NS, rest
      - AMS controls SNS AND PNS TO MEET NEEDS
      - not linked directly to the areas in the brain involved in consciousness organ activity happens at non conscious level
      - cannot consciously experience the brain mechanisms that alter activity of ANS, ie, blood preasure
      - there are things that can be done to indirectly affect ANS (erotic thought, hold breath, relax, calm thought, meditate)
      - can be controlled indirectly through activity
  - - - wiiliam james 1800s
      - physio responce to emotion
      - physio response is needed in order to perceive emotion
      - emotion is recognition of physio responce
      - the peripheral theory of action, PNS is received as cause for emotion
      - once all physio responses are stripped away there is no emotion
      - emotion is the result of experiencing a particular set physio responces
      - OBSERVING PERIPHERAL RESPONCES
        
        object apprehended unconsciously
        
        perception
        
        cerebral cortex
        
        reflex
        
        muscle, skin, blood
        
        object perception and physio response
        
        cortex
        
        consciousness (object emotionally felt)
        
        OVER 500 LABELS FOR EMOTIONS, STATES HAVE PHYSIO PATTERNS OF AUTONOMIC BEHAVIOUR
        
        FACIAL EXPRESSION
        
        autonomic activity
        
        ANS tied to specific facial expressions
        
        lie detection
        
        not realiable
        
        SPINAL INJURY, STILL FEEL EMOTIONS
        
        same as before injury
      - brain interprets situation, automatically directs physio response, (non consciously), until become aware of body change =we experience emotion
      - emotion is not generated in the brain alone, no emotion centre in the brain directing neurons to fire
      - explains why we dont always know how we feel, must figure out physio responce patterns first
    - - Walter cannon1927
      - emotion is felt before physio response
      - the experience of emotion appears in the brain with or without ANS/PNS response
      - starts in thalamus relays to cortex and ANS
      - UPDATE
        
        THALAMUS IS NOT THE SEAT OF EMOTION
        
        also involves amygdala, other parts associated with pleasure and pain with emotion
        
        strong emotion can bypass cortex without conscious thought to activate explains phobias where fear is not rational
        
        COGNITION AND PHYSIO RESPONSE = EMOTION= EXPERIENCE
        
        different parts of CNS may be activated for different emotions
    - - Schachter and SINGER theory
        
        how we interpret arousal = experience
        
        peripheral feedback and cognitive interpretation of the cause response
        
        cognitive interpretation acts when perceived stimulus
        
        different labels can be give to the same stimulus response dependant on the interpretation
        
        ATTRIBUTION
        
        the process of explaining the cause of an event or of peoples behaviour including our own
        
        phsio arousal may be attributed to several emotions depending on the info of the situation
        
        emotional experience will be less intense if we attribute arousal to a non emotional cue
        
        EXCITATION TRANSFER THEORY
        
        transfer of emotion from one event to another
      - LAZARUS COGNITIVE APPRAISAL THEORY
        
        how we think of event effects wellbeing
        
        DO WE CARE
        
        expectation , goals, needs, standards, past experience
  - - - observe other cultures and infants
    - - learn what is appropriate in what situations and what expressions is allowed
      - SOCIAL REFFERENCING
        
        influence others
        
        let someone else guide our emotional state
  - - - situation selection
      - situation modify
      - cognitive change
        
        REPRAISAL
      - reframe
    - - SURPRESSION
      - avoidance
- - - - Experimental, or research, neuropsychologists conduct research on how the human conduct research on how the humanbrain controls and organises various parts of complicated mental activities. Their aim isto add to our knowledge of brain functioning among people in general.
  - - - In the 1860s, Paul Broca re-established the notion of localisation of brain function as an established the notion of localisation of brain function as aresult of his studies of brain damage in the left frontal lobes and resulting language
  - - - The modularity view holds that the brain is organised into discrete regions called modules, each of which performs its own unique kind of analysis on the information it , each of which performs its own unique kind of analysis on the information it
      - The analysis performed by a particular module can be used in many kinds of brain
      - Each brain function is a result of a different combination of modules.
      - disconnection syndrome occurs when various intact modules in a network are, for some reason, prevented from interacting with each other
    - - In lesion analysis,lesion analysis,neuropsychologists examine the results of brain damage.
      - They study whether people with brain damage in the same areas also have similar
      - functional deficits.
      - They try to find out exactly what what function has been damaged.function has been damaged.
  - - - the brain. The result is death of brain tissue in that area and impairment of whatever
      - cerebrovascular accident (stroke) is a result of a loss of blood supply to some part of
      - Strokes are the second leading cause of death in Australia, after coronary heart disease.
      - Strokes usually involve little or no pain, because there are no pain receptors in the brain
    - - Traumatic Brain Injury
      - trauma ) is a sudden impact to the brain caused when the
      - person’s head is struck by some object or when the head suddenly moves or stops
      - moving, as when the head is thrown against some unmoving surface.
      - Trauma occurs because the brain is not firmly attached to the skull. It floats in
        
        cerebrospinal fluid. Therefore, when there is sudden movement, the brain bounces . Therefore, when there is sudden movement, the brain bounces
        
        around, bumping against bone and damaging nerve fibres.
    - - Neurodegenerative diseases
      - cause neurodegeneration, the gradual process of cell
      - damage in the brain.
      - Consciousness when problems in the brain impair people’s ability to occur when problems in the brain impair people’s ability to
        be conscious or to be accurately aware of the world around them.
      - The most prominent diseases are Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease
      - infections, nutritional deficiencies, or genetic abnormalities.
    - - RATICULAR ACTIVATION SYSTEM FORMATION DAMAGE
        
        Coma
        
        persistent vegetative state
        
        delirium
        
        no apparent pattern
        
        anosognosia
        
        anosognosia, which means absence of knowledge of disease, a person may have no
        awareness that there is anything wrong with him or her. In such cases, it appears that
        
        brain damage causes not only impairment in functioning but also impairment in the
        ability to know about that impairment.
      - CEREBRAL CORTEX DYSFUNCTION. BOTH HEMISPHERES
        
        Disruptions in the functioning of both sides of the cerebral cortex can affect
        
        consciousness. The most common cause is drug abuse (alcohol or sleeping pills), but
        
        fever, seizures, chemical imbalances in the blood, hormonal disorders, and infections
        
        that have spread to the blood can also affect the cerebral cortex.
    - - impairment involves the recognition, interpretation, and understanding of sensory
        information in order to make sense of the world.
      - what systems, temporal lobes
      - where systems, parietal lobe
      - visual agnosia, prosopagnosia, simultanagnosia, hemineglect
- - - - SENSE: translates info from the outside world into neural activity
      - Sensation: messages from senses that affect behaviour and mental processes
      - energy: sound, light, pressure, heat
        
        tune out redundant information
        
        specific energy doctrine, specific coding for that sense
      - humans rely more on sight and less on taste and smell like other animales
      - HOW WE SENSE
        
        energy
        
        accessory structure
        
        neural response, nerve cell activity, TRANSDUCTION
        
        coded (CNS)
        
        THALAMUS
        
        2 more items...
        
        Neural receptors detect energy
        
        neural receptors
        
        sensory and motor neurons
        
        transducing create coded messages
        
        brain decodes
        
        codes for one sense
        
        absolute threshold : 50% of the time
        
        3 more items...
    - - physical energy and psych response
  - - - fluctuations in medium of air or water
      - waves
        
        peak=amplitude
        
        peak to peak=wave lengh
        
        cycle of waves =frequency
    - - loudness decibels
      - pitch
      - timbre (quality)
    - - auditory transduction
        
        thalamus
        
        primary auditor cortex (temporal lobe)
      - inner ear cochlea (snail)
        
        fires axons to brain
        
        pattern firing codded message
        
        coding intensity and frequency
        
        place theory, hair in basilar membrane
        
        more intense firing of sensory neurons
        
        frequency matching theory, firing of neurons matches sound waves
      - deafness
        
        middle air bones infussed
        
        hair cell damage
        
        poor sanitisation and enviroment
  - - - electromagnetic radiatation
      - visible light tiny slice of EMR
      - no medium needed like sound
    - - light intensity , energy
      - light wave lenngh, peaks
      - cell stimulation activation of colours
    - - Cornea, enter
        
        pupil , passes
        
        iris , filters
        
        lens, focus
        
        retina, focus optical nerve
    - - retina network of cells
      - photoreceptors
        
        convert light into nerve cell activity release photopigments then sends coded messages to the brain
        
        photopigments breakdown new ones created
        
        4 receptors, one rod does not sort colour one pigment. cones, three types, centre of retina
        
        thalamus to occipital lobe
    - - wave length light mixture
        
        hue, essential colour
        
        coloursaturation
        
        brightness, intensity
      - Trimotic theory of colour vision: three wave lengthens: rods and cones
      - opponent process of theory , pairs inhibit or oppose each other alter image
      - brain creates colour
  - - - nose , mouth , throat, lungs
      - oddur molecules depolarisation in dendrite membranes
      - olfactory neurons replaced every 2 months
      - olfactory receptors 1000, patterns of stimulation create codes for odour sensation
        
        not sure how sent to brain
        
        no connection to thalamus like other senses
        
        axons and neurons go straight to olfactory bulb, frontal lobe amygdala (learning and memory)
    - - taste buds , papillae
      - few element sensations
        
        sweet
        
        sour
        
        bitter
        
        salty
        
        unami
        
        tannins
      - individual differences is genetic
        
        learned experiences
      - smell, taste = flavour
      - taste chemical signals on tongue
  - - - essential for survival
      - hair creates sensation at base of skin
      - neural receptors under skin send signals to the brain
      - encoding , weight, location, intensity, firing of neurons and number
      - touch, cutaneous system
        
        thalamus
        
        somatosensory cortex
    - - skin senses of touch, temperature and pressure, pain
        
        adapting to touch , change provides most sensory info
        
        sensing temperature
        
        neural receptors respond to touch and tempreture
        
        PAIN
        
        intensity of touch becomes to much
        
        external world on body
        
        negative emotions
        
        carry signals to hindbrain
        
        emotional responce due to mood and thought
        
        responce reduced by mindfulness, music, pictures, distractions
        
        receptors go straight from skin to spinal cord to thalamus
        
        painful stimuli release chemicals that fit into pain receptors causing them to fire
        
        axons release neurotransmitters at spinal cord and skin (inflamation)
        
        two neuro fibres
        
        a delta, sharp, pricking
        
        c fibres, aches, burning
        
        GATE CONTROL
        
        functional gate in spinal cord allow pain to go up to brain or block them
        
        pain protects harm
        
        natural block pain with other skin stimulator that store pain pathways
        
        gates can be left open
        
        ANALGESIA
        
        signals sent down the spine that block pain signals
        
        aspirin
        
        transcranial magnetic stimulation
        
        NATURAL ANALGESIA
        
        opiates, endorphins
        
        block synapse carrying pain signals
        
        more endorphin receptors inherited more pain threshold
        
        endorphines released at inflamation point,
        
        can be released through thought
        
        placebo effect
        
        physical and psych pain activate natural analgesia
        
        1 more item...
      - proprioception (body position and movement)
        
        Kinaesthesicperception perception is the sense that tells you where parts of your
        body are with respect to each other.
        
        kinaesthetic information comes from special receptors in the joints and muscles called proprioceptors
      - vestibular system (equilibrium and movement of the head)
        
        two vestibular sacs three semi circle canals in the inner ear
        
        sacs contain oil and small crystals (ear stones) when head moves , stones touch sides and relay info into brain
- - - - there is no one to one correspondence between physical and psychological world. OUR brains do not directly reproduce outside world (a bee sees flower differently to us)
      - active processes, we involve ourselves
      - adaptive to our environment
  - - - same stimuli, different perception in people
      - expectation, influence, learned, shape perception
    - - stimuli environment effects perception not cognition
      - tune into important stimuli
  - - - emphasis on important stimuli, the rest becomes background
    - - ID elements
      - group stimuli automatically
      - gestate whole principles
        
        proximity
        
        continuity
        
        closure
        
        texture
        
        synchrony
        
        common
        
        ecological/ survival
        
        construction/ interpretation
    - - 2 dimensions up down left right
      - visual dominance
      - DEPH PERCEPTION
        
        interposition, closeness
        
        relative size comparison
        
        cue, height in visual field
        
        linear perspective line closeness
        
        increased distance
        
        light and shadow
        
        gradient texture
        
        motion parallax
      - eye convergence
        
        eyes rotate inwards
        
        project image onto retina
        
        closer more convergence
        
        brain combines two images
        
        info generates impression of objects height width and depth
        
        bi ocular cues creates 3d out of 2d images
    - - where object is going how fast
      - optical flow, changes in retinal flow across field
      - looming, filling in off retina, 1/20 sec delay
      - illusion of motion
        
        visual flow suggests movement, rest of body doesnt, vestibular sense, feel sick
        
        stroboscopic illusion , image/ light appears, disappears, reappears , illusion of movement
      - perception consistency, despite retinal change if none allice in wonderland effect
      - size consistency
        
        increase distance image gets closer in retina, object remains constant, perception of size changes with distance
        
        size illusions due to deph cues and framing
      - brightness consistency
        
        change of light , brightness remains consistent
  - - - analysis incoming patterns and compare with memory
      - if matched , recognised , stimuli is placed into perceptual categories
      - once recognition occurs, perception may never be the same
    - - sensory receptors
      - colour and movement analysed in different parts of the brain
      - cellular response to stimuli , transferred to brain, analysed basic features then combined to create perceptual experience
      - certain cells respond to certain stimuli in space
    - - knowledge used in making inferences educated guess to recognize object especially when sensory info is missing or vague
      - also occurs with hearing
      - words in meaningless order bottom up, top down create meaning, make reasonable guess
      - top down perception called pareidolia, example trade centre photo of demon , expectation, told meaning
    - - mental representation , generalisations of categories people and objects, events
      - experiences shapes schemes what we know and expect
      - can bias our perceptions and recognition to stimulus
      - predisposition to perceive stimulus a certain way
      - motivation and when top down processes effect bottom up processes
        
        another top down process that effects perception
        
        desirable objects closer
        
        eyes visualise interaction
    - - Reading poor raw stimulus on page
      - clues fill in gaps
      - pattern regognition
    - - computational approach to perception
      - recognition as top down , bottom up
    - - neuro network operation in parallel
      - features such as angles in shapes and letters in words have occurred in the past links will be stronger
    - - knowledge and experience = recognition
      - habitation, repeated stimuli, stop looking
      - dishabituation, different stimuli, looking
      - born with some feature detection, recognising faces
      - perception is blending of hereditary, environment, experiences and expectations
      - distance cue develops more slowly than shape recognition
  - - - directing focus psych resources to enhance perception, performance and mental experience
      - direct sensory + perceptual systems towards stimuli, allocate mental energy required to process selected stimuli and regualte flow of resources nessary for task/s
    - - improve mental process
      - takes effort
      - limited
    - - overt orientating point sensory system to stimuli
      - covert orientating dont move muscles, eg imagine face
      - voluntary control of attention focus
        
        top down
        
        intentions
        
        beleives
        
        expectations
        
        motivation
        
        knowledge
      - learn new skills , voluntary control, top down
      - involuntary, environment directs attention is bottom up
    - - inattentional blindness when engaged in voluntary/involuntary attention ignore other stimuli
      - inattentional bnlindness can result missing change in the enviroment
      - change blindness
    - - multitask
      - only to certain point
      - attention is limited resource
      - to many tasks run out of attention
      - if one task is automatic, can do another task
      - if both require attention , it is possible as long as different attention resource is required. if both require same attention, both suffer
    - - PET scan,
- - - - chronic disease, slowly develop, psych make up, enviroment, lifestyle
      - goals of health system , control health, increases life expectancy
      - acute diseases
    - - normal
      - stressors are events , situations,
      - threaten daily function
      - need to adjust
      - can be short long
      - unable to cope, results in psych, beahvioural problems
      - transaction between people and enviroment
        
        physical
        
        psych
        
        emotion
        
        cognition
        
        behaviour
        
        not just stressor
        
        stress is ever changing in nature and intensity
        
        cognition
        
        confidence
        
        coping skills
        
        coping resources
      - PSYCH STRESSOR
        
        event that forces people to adjust or change can be psych stressor
        
        unpleasant, threatening
        
        catastrophic event
        
        life change
        
        chronic problem
        
        daily hassles
        
        measure stress
        
        SRRS
        
        LES
  - - - fight or flight
      - GENERAL ADAPTAION SYNDROME
        
        RESISTENCE
        
        alarm fades
        
        body resistence sets in
        
        hard work put not like alarm stage
        
        EXHAUSTATION
        
        uses up adaptive energy
        
        extreme cold=death
        
        physical wear and tear
        
        organs fail overuse in resistance stage
        
        DROP IMMUNITY
        
        Heart disease
        
        cold and flu
        
        diseases of adaptation
        
        STRESS AND PSCH DISORDER
        
        burnout
        
        chronic stress
        
        miss work
        
        over sleep
        
        alc/ drug abuse
        
        irritable
        
        suspicious
        
        withdrawn
        
        depressed
        
        no talking
        
        PTSD
        
        4 more items...
        
        other
        
        2 more items...
        
        high blood pressure
      - ALARM
        
        fight or flight
        
        change heart rate
        
        respiration
        
        perspiration
        
        regulate temp
        
        PNS
        
        somatic
        
        senses, motor
        
        autonomic/ organs and glands
        
        sns/ fight or flight
        
        pns rest
        
        more stress more reaction
        
        stress
        
        brain (hypocampus)
        
        pitutary
        
        secret catecholamines
        
        adrenaline gland
        
        1 more item...
        
        release edorphines
        
        and cortisol
        
        HPA AXIS STRESS BEGINS HERE
    - - EMOTIONAL CHANGE
        
        physical stress= emotional responce
        
        usually subsides after stressor goes
        
        if persistent, it will escalate or persist
      - COGNITIVE CHANGE
        
        reduction in ability to concentrate think clearly or remember accurately
        
        ruminate thinking
        
        catastphising
        
        over arousal
        
        narrow attention effects problem solve
        
        mental sets, how to deal with stress
        
        functional fixedness
        
        impair judgement
        
        decision making
        
        act impulsively
        
        high pressure sales
  - - - HOW STRESS IS PERCIEVED
        
        stimuli, interpreted
        
        challenge or threat, emotional arousal
        
        cognition
        
        impact on perception
        
        predictability and control
        
        knowing, not knowing can increase stress
        
        unpredictable stressors have more effect
        
        intense and breif
        
        predictable can be just as strong if consistent
        
        perception of control
        
        can moderate stress
        
        relaxation techs
        
        pain releif
        
        reduce anxiety and prepare
        
        beleif in control
        
        feel like no control, prone to illness, disease, disorder
        
        lack of control explains poor wellbeing in low social/economic areas
    - - REDUCE ILLNESS AND STRESS
        
        PROBLEM FOCUSED
        
        alter
        
        eliminate
        
        EMOTION FOCUSED
        
        regulate negative response
        
        short term, need to problem solve
        
        BOTH
        
        PROBLEM SOLVE
      - COPING, cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage specific demands that people perceive as taxing their resources
        
        SKILLS
        
        PROBLEM FOCUSED
        
        confront
        
        social support
        
        friends, family,
        
        help eliminate stressor
        
        companionship
        
        reassurance
        
        suggestions
        
        reduce stress
        
        health benefits
        
        faster recovery
        
        happy health networks
        
        inadequate SS not good
        
        dangerous as lack of exercise and smoking
        
        x2 disease, suicide
        
        complain, discourage, weak, unreliable
        
        less confidence, cold and flu, over protect
        
        planned PS
        
        EMOTIONAL FOCUSED
        
        Self control
        
        distancing
        
        positive reappraisal
        
        accept
        
        escape/avoidance not good
        
        examine emotion
        
        humour helps
  - - - ignore stressor
      - perceive stress as long term
      - catastrophises threats brought on self
      - pessimistic
      - denial/avoidance
      - impulsive, lack self control
    - - dispositional optimises
      - challenges not threats
      - no catastrophic threats
      - stress is temporary
      - dont blame
      - optimist
        
        live longer
        
        resistance to disease
        
        resistance to cold and flu
        
        heal faster
        
        happier
        
        problem solve
        
        successful
        
        hope, curiosity,
        
        less intense responce
        
        better health
        
        promote positive emotions, cognitive styles, and beahviour
      - trustworthy, hardworking, free from vanity
    - - MALES
        
        get angry
        
        avoid
        
        heart rate
        
        blood preasure
        
        more intense
        
        stress more
        
        higher levels of oxytocin then females, shorter lives, more heart disease
      - females
        
        helpother
        
        social suppourt
        
        tend and befriend
        
        hormone differences
  - - - IMMUNE SYSTEM (IS)
        
        first line of defence against substances and microorganisms
        
        complex as nervous system and as many cells as brain
        
        in organs, blood, tissue
        
        kill deactivate virus, bacteria, other foreign agents
        
        stress impairs system diverts energy
        
        can become overactive and attack healthy cells
        
        autoimmune disorders (AIDS)
        
        white blood cells (leukocytes) form in bones
        
        b cells produce antibodies to fight foreign agents
        
        t cells kill other cells, fights virus and tumours
        
        brain can influence immune system by altering secretion adrenal hormones such as cortisol that modify circulation of T cells and B cells
        
        brain can also connect with immune organs such as thymus were T and B cells are stores
        
        immune system and stress
        
        lots of stressors suppress IS
        
        death of spouse decrease of natural killer cells
        
        IS impairment found in :
        
        divorce
        
        conflict
        
        unemployment
        
        low social suppourt
        
        loneliness
        
        parental stress can create allergies in new born
        
        caring for elderly
        
        STRESS, ILLNESS AND CARDIO SYSTEM (CS)
        
        sympatho adreno medullary system (SAM)linked to CS , activated during stress, to much activationCS problems
        
        heart disease
        
        stroke
        
        high bloodpreasure
        
        reaction to stressor
        
        stress-related health problem depend partially on personality
        
        hostility and heart disease
        
        only one trait
        
        resentment
        
        suspicion
        
        anger
        
        distrust
        
        myocardial infarction
        
        longer than normal to calm down
        
        excessive wear and tear on heart
        
        high adrenal gland activity, high abdominal gland activity
        
        increase cholesterol levels in arteries
        
        impulsivity
        
        impatience
        
        irritability
        
        PROMOTING HEALTHY BEHAVIOUR
        
        from individual to society
        
        beliefs and behaviours
        
        threat of health problem
        
        seriousness
        
        change will reduce threat
        
        cost
        
        self efficacy, intentions
        
        changing
        
        precontemplation
        
        contemplation
        
        prep
        
        maintain
        
        action
        
        planning
        
        ID events
        
        noting effects
        
        knowing what can be changed and what cant
        
        strategies
        
        cognitive
        
        challenge rather than threat
        
        cognitive restructuring
        
        emotional, social suppourt, feel cared about, valued
        
        behavioural, change behaviour
        
        drug use, progressive muscle relaxation, excercise, biofeedback, yoga, meditation
- - - - cannot be directly observed we need to infer or presume from observation
      - motive =enviro stimuli +intervening variable+behaviour+ response
      - motive is a reason or purpose for behaviour
      - change in motivation , particular stimuli, trigger different response
    - - basic physio
      - cognitive
      - emotional
      - social, cultural, environmental
  - - - instinctive nature of behaviour
      - automatic, unlearned, involuntary, response
      - instinctive behaviour is automatic disposition to stimuli
      - fixed action patterns species related
      - EARLY THEORY
        
        McDougal 10,000 instincts, instinct to create instincts
        
        instincts became labels to describe behaviour
        
        people display few if any fixed action patterns
        
        inborn human responses at birth
        
        today instincts referred to as modal action patterns, inborn tendencies may or may not appear dependant on experiences
        
        instincts are flexible
        
        behavioural tendencies evolve adaptation for the survival and reproduction
        
        generally inherited, similar tendencies
        
        instinct doctrine + mate selection
        
        both sexes want reliable partner, emotionally stable, intelligent, create good environment for kids
        
        males
        
        less selective want sex
        
        can have many children
        
        less invested
        
        less choosier
        
        sex maximise offspring
        
        attracted to fertile women
        
        females
        
        more invested
        
        longer courtship before sex
        
        older previously married
        
        status resources
        
        good fathers rather than good genes, good providers
        
        cultural reasons
        
        critical to biological explainations
        
        not genetic predisposition
        
        women denied equal opportunity
    - - motivated due to imbalance in homeostasis
      - like a thermostat
      - adjust to change
      - needs bio requirements
      - psycho state of arousal to take action
      - primary needs , basic bio needs (food)
        
        secondary needs (learned)
    - - Physio arousal , activation level (heart rate, blood pressure, brain activity, muscle tension)
      - low during sleep, med, relax, drugs
      - increased arousal when hungry, thirst, new sudden experience, drugs
      - motivation linked to physical arousal
      - restore ideal optimal levels of arousal
        
        too much, too little not good
        
        varies between people
        
        those with high/low levels try to keep it there
        
        brain region associated with rewards
        
        personality
    - - other theories are internal, this one is external
      - behaviour is to obtain or avoid stimuli
      - value placed on stimuli
        
        influenced by physio, psych, cultural, both primary and secondary drives, need food, work for money
      - availability of stimuli
  - - - hunger want to eat, satiation satisfied for need, satiety no longer need
      - from the gut
        
        stomach cues not major role
        
        small intestine detects nutrients
        
        gut system creates chemicals , affect digestion , desire to eat or stop, emotion, learning, stressresponse
      - from the blood
        
        blood from full rats injected into hungry rats stop hunger
        
        brain monitors level of nutrients and hormones in blood stream from stomach
        
        levels of nutrients released due to nutrients and fat stores
        
        nutrients
        
        glucose (sugar), drops eat
        
        rises (pancreases ) insulin hormone released stop eating
        
        fatty acids
        
        lack of nutrients detected by stomach hormone ghrelin is released, start eating
        
        amino acids protein
        
        hormone leptin satiety signal end meal body fat regulation
        
        obesity can be result of leptin deregulation
        
        brain becomes less responsive to leptin signals
      - Hunger and the brain
        
        many parts involved
        
        hypothalamus plays a primary role, detect leptin and insulin, eat less, more, activity,
        
        20 neurotransmitters and neuromodulators send signals around the brain and parts of hypothalamus
        
        ventromedial nucleus, dont need to eat
        
        lateral hypothalamus, eat
        
        set point theory, balance between two, TOO SIMPLE
        
        paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus
        
        reduce food intake, if damaged obesity
        
        certain foods effect various neurotransmitters in certain neurons of the brain
        
        neuropeptide y (eat carbs)
        
        serotonin (suppress carb intake)
        
        endocannabloids (eat tasty food)munchies
        
        galanin (eat high fat foods)
        
        enterostatin (reduce fat food intake)
        
        peptides yy3 -36 (feel full, reduce food)
        
        many brain regions ,chemicals regulate food selection and hunger
    - - flavour big role
      - same food same flavour eat less
      - different flavours, eat more
      - appetite
        
        motivation to seek pleasure
        
        appearance
        
        override satiety
        
        physiological response, (saliva, gastric juice, insulin) increase appetite
        
        brain damage cant remember more than a minute will eat again
        
        people eat not just for nutrients but also enjoyment
        
        SPECIFIC HUNGER
        
        bio needs for nutrients
        
        learning associated taste and odour will nutrimental value
        
        learning
        
        eat in association with past experiences
        
        used by food industry, flavourings
        
        social , cultural
        
        social rules,tradition
        
        what others do
        
        courtesy/custom
        
        celebrations
        
        culture
        
        food = identity not just nutrients
    - - OBESITY
        
        depression, anxiety
        
        diabetes, respiratory disorder, blood pressure, cancer, heart attack, stroke
        
        increase death
        
        67% of Australians
        
        soon overtake smoking for preventable death
        
        CAUSES
        
        portion sizes, fast food , less activity, food intake
        
        excess energy
        
        tv video games, tv dinner, high fat foods
        
        genetic predisposition
        
        slow brains to reading satiety signals
        
        body virus, colds, eat more, accumulate fat, feel hungry, easier to gain weight than keep of
        
        solutions
        
        PREVENTION
        
        do opposite to causes
      - ANOREXIA NERVOSA
        
        self starve
        
        85% below normal body weight
        
        reduce bone density
        
        death of young women, obesity, asthma, anorexia
        
        20% die
        
        causes
  - - - Much of human behaviour is motivated by desire for
        
        approval
        
        admiration
        
        achievement
        
        general
        
        employment
        
        high levels
        
        do well in standards of excellence
        
        master tasks, feel satisfied when done, work hard, strive for excellence, enjoy themselves in the process, take pride
        
        take risks
        
        set realistic goals
        
        interested
        
        low levels
        
        create avoidance
        
        anxiety
        
        worry, anticipate shame
        
        like success but feel relieved not satisfied
        
        ring toss
        
        ACHIEVEMNET IN THE WORKPLACE
        
        influence on job satisfaction
        
        low motivation= feelings of no or little control on work enviroment
        
        NOT JUST MONEY, multiskilling, responsibility, public recognition
        
        GOAL SETTING
        
        allow worker to set that are meaningful
        
        need to accept goals and understand
        
        have skills and resources
        
        emphasis benefits
        
        specific concrete goals
        
        targets objective measures
        
        reward achievement
        
        intrinsic and extrinsic awards
        
        challenge and independence
        
        enough satisfaction to feel excitement and pleasure in working hard
        
        need to feel autonomous, competent, and relate to others
        
        achievement and wellbeing
        
        positive psychology, what it takes to be happy
        
        wellbeing, a combo of cognition, judgment, of satisfaction with life and the frequent experiences of positive moods and emotions AKA subjective well being
        
        impact of events
        
        change in moods
        
        do not last long
        
        being happy less about what happens to you
        
        adapt, change expectancies, and goals do not change baseline happiness
        
        wellbeing level steady throughout life. temper and personality
        
        genetics
        
        other influences on wellbeing
        
        close social ties
        
        resources to reach goals
        
        Maslow defiance orientation
        
        people see status and material as happiness think they need, rather than appreciate life itself and be grateful for non matristic things already have
        
        to get more of what we think brings happiness may contribute to unhappiness if what we get is never enough
        
        life is a journey not a destination
        
        focus onwhat we are doing not on what we are not getting
        
        esteem
        
        other
        
        self
      - GOALS
        
        learning goals
        
        watch others, problem solve,
        
        develop competence , getting better at activities
        
        when ask for help , ask for explanation, hints , tips
        
        do not seek quick answers that remove challenge
        
        persist less upset at failure, learn
        
        performance goals
        
        demonstrate already possessed skills, crave feedback, on comparison to others , rather than improve
        
        when ask for help they want answers not tips
        
        primary goal is to prove compentance
        
        avoid new challenges if not confident in success
        
        will quit in response to failure
    - - childhood, genetic, enviro
      - personality, inherit, general behavioral tendencies, can support or undermine achievemnet motivation
      - vicarious learning
      - parents attitudes
        
        reward
        
        encourage
        
        lookfor newways
        
        dont complain
        
        move onto next challenge
      - cultural influence
        
        children books
        
        individual collective culture
        
        cooperation, suppourt
        
        culturally approved goals
        
        rewards, values of achievement
        
        east family, west there selves
        
        educational meaning
        
        intrinsic, extrinsic praise
        
        social, cultural, learning, beleif
        
        people that believe in their ability to achieve more likely than those that expect to fail in creating AM
  - - - alternatives, SELF DETERMINATION THEORY ERG existence relates growth
    - - reaction to stimuli followed by opposite reaction
      - dopamine effect
      - risk taking dangerous/ exciting
      - same stimuli weakens after repetition
      - emotional change and motive
      - can be addictive
      - motivation strengthens emotion
    - - approach approach
      - avoid avoid
      - approach avoid
      - multi approach
- - - - brain
      - cns
      - pns
      - endocrine
      - limbic
    - - sensation
      - perceptions
      - learning
      - consciousness
      - thinking
    - - life course
  - - - Wundf
      - sensory
      - introspective
      - perceptions
      - intensity
      - structures of consciousness
    - - look at whole
      - not parts
    - - consciousness/sub
      - nervous system
      - internal conflicts
    - - will james
      - purpose
      - mental process shapes consciousness, in response to the enviroment
      - function
    - - watson
      - noi focus on consciousness
      - observe behaviour
      - adaptation to the enviroment
    - - APPROACHES/PERSPECTIVES
        
        biological
        
        hormones
        
        genes
        
        brain
        
        neurons
        
        evolution
        
        physiology
        
        evolutionary/adaptation
        
        psychodynamic/ internal conflict
        
        impulses and wants restrained by societal rules
        
        behavioural
        
        learned
        
        conditioned
        
        humanistic
        
        choose think
        
        individual
        
        perceptions
        
        hiearchy of needs
        
        world view/shapes reality
        
        motivation
        
        cognitive
        
        process
        
        take in
        
        memory
        
        thought
        
        culture
        
        social
        
        symbols
        
        language
        
        value
        
        beleif
        
        individualist/collective
- - - - Differ from psysio and psych of awakness
      - in surgery is patient asleep , awake
    - - there is not enough understanding to define CO accurately
      - awareness of external stimuli and own mental activity
      - awareness of thoughts actions, perceptions, and other ,mental processes
      - there animals experience CO example self awareness . monkeys, dolphins, elephants and 2yo child
    - - tech , explore connection between CO experience and brain activity
        
        during CO activity and outside of awarness
      - cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience
        
        brain damage, amnesia, prognesis, learn without awareness
        
        altered states, noticeable changes in pysio and psych beahviour
        
        cognitive processes
        
        awareness of self
        
        inhibition
        
        self control
        
        norm varies with culture
        
        hallucinations
        
        perceptual experience with absence of stimuli
      - THREE QUESTIONS
        
        mind and body
        
        between CO mind and physical brain
        
        dualism, are mind and brain different
        
        Descartes: pineal gland (third eye), link between mind and body ( serotonin converted into melatonin)
        
        materialism, mind and brain are one
        
        brain nerve cells create CO (hindbrain is software)
        
        brain damage can cause disruption
        
        is CO single phenom or several mental operations that happen independently
        
        PDP, parallel distribution processing sensory , perceptions, memory, cognition streams of info combine to create CO
        
        how CO and unco mental activities occur outside of awareness
    - - interpret sensory info in regard to past experiences , pass onto brain parts to act on
      - single CO representation better than multi so we can act quickly
      - CO brain experience a representation of the world that is result of computerisation
      - so quick brain cannot keep up with CO experience
      - adaptive /effient blending of brain info (sensory, motor,knowledge)
      - short term memory, access to long term memory, vast info access
      - awareness of mental event= level of CO , variations in the quality mental processes available to awareness= CO state
        
        fully alert and aware of mental activity and senses = fully CO
        
        other activity outside of CO
        
        experience and focus = CO state
  - - - quality / continum scale, ofmental processes available for awarness
      - QUALITY: aeroplane analogue, daydream, mentalprocess, attaention, focus, arousal change states
      - CO level
        
        QUANTITY; degree of awareness
    - - not accessible to CO awareness
    - - unconscious
      - influence co activity
      - not co, can become CO
      - retrievable
      - memory
      - voluntarily retrievable
  - - - STAGES
        
        MEASURE
        
        electroencephalograph (EEG)
        
        brainwaves
        
        hieght, amp
        
        speed, frequency
        
        awake alert=high frequency, low aptitude
        
        NON REM SLEEP
        
        relaxed eyes closed, still awake
        
        drift into sleep, breathing deepens, heartbeat slows, blood pressure drops
        
        next 30 mins pass through n1, n2 n3 ( no rapid eye movement)
        
        n3 deepest sleep slow wave hard to wake up
        
        REM SLEEP
        
        30 -45 mins in n3 back to n2 then into REM
        
        paradox, same patterns as in awake alert
        
        psych arousal heart rate, breathing and blood pleasure similar to awake
        
        most muscles paralysed
        
        A NIGHTS SLEEP
        
        pass through cycles 4 -6 times about 90 mis for each
        
        mostly in NREM, only a few in REM
        
        dominated by n2 and REM which wake up from
        
        change with age
        
        less we age
        
        14-15 hours for infants, average 7-9 hours
        
        REM 50% birth, 25% adults and elderly
        
        sleep patterns choice or necessity
        
        individual average is broad
      - WHY SLEEP?
        
        circadian rhythm
        
        repeat every 24 hours
        
        cyclic patterns
        
        latin "circa dies" about a day
        
        biological rhythm
        
        occur without cues
        
        sleeping, walking, hormone release, eating urination etc
        
        rhythm linked to light dark cycles
        
        jet lag, Monday blues
      - length of sleep
        
        patterns; owl, lark
        
        diffrent chronotypes, "clock genes", dawn cells, dusk cells
        
        coordination of cells helps peaks in the day of bod temp, hormone levels, sleepiness, wakefulness
        
        body clock in the SUPRAHIASMATIC NUCLEI (SCN) of hypothalamus
        
        receives info about light and dark from photoreceptors in eyes then sends to hindbrain that promote sleep and awarness
        
        SCN neurons regulate release of hormone melatonin from the pineal gland which is important in circadian rhythm
      - importance of sleep
        
        fatigue, irritability, inattention
        
        sleep deprivation, clumsy, accidents, injury, learning/performance, body immune system
        
        impact of fatigue on REM
        
        REM improves the functioning of neurons that use norepinephrine that effects alertness and mood
        
        REM strengthens new connections in the brain
        
        REM helps solidify and absorb days experience including new skills.
      - SLEEP DISORDERS
        
        INSOMNIA
        
        trouble sleeping, fatigue
        
        mental distress, reduced wellbeing, impaired daily function
        
        associated with mental disorders 3x more likely
        
        help, CBT
        
        short naps, exercise
        
        NARCOLEPSY
        
        daytime disorder, active REM sleep cataplexy, muscle paralysis, even after waking, hypothalamus inactivity
        
        SLEEP APNOEA
        
        stop breathing in sleep, caused by obesity, genetics, brain function.
        
        SIDS
        
        NIGHTMARES (REM)
        
        frightening dreams in REM
        
        PTSD, combat, torture, rape
        
        NIGHT TERROR DISORDER (NREM), wake up in terror, horrific dreams
        
        SLEEPWALKING
        
        REM DISORDER
        
        no paralysis of muscles in REM, can act out dream
        
        common in people with Parkinson's
      - DREAMS AND DREAMING
        
        brain is active throughout all stage of sleep
        
        a story like a sequence of images, sensataions can be second or minutes
        
        people change to other people, objects to objects, rarely object to person
        
        daytime activity and experience may shape dreams
        
        dreams can be directed sounds and odures can influence dreams
        
        lucid dreams
        
        how you sleep and wake up determines wether dream is remmebered
        
        why dream?
        
        anaylis and consolidate info that may be significant for survivial
        
        wish fullfillemnt FREUD 1900
        
        satisfy unconciouse urgesor resolve unconciouse conflictthat are upsetting todeal with conciously
        
        Activation Sythesis Theory Eiser / Hobson
        
        a meaningless by-product of REM hindbrain arousal during sleep activates random messages to brain special cerefalcortex
        
        dreams random messages, stored memories, coherent perceptual organization, coherent randomimputs, current feelings
        
        the brain is trying to make sense of meaningless stimulation during sleep
        
        similar to clouds when awake
        
        some psych believe dreams give chance to review/face problems experienced during day
        
        current experience shapes dream
        
        while we sleep EEG shows brain areas associated with emotion are overactive areas with logical thought are surpressed
        
        DEEPER STAGES OF SLEEP thinking slows, huiiinatations increase, probably why dreams rarely give good solutions toprobel
- - - - thoughts, emotion, behaviour that are no good for individual or those around them distrust daily tasks/ functions.
      - BEHAVIOUR IN CONTEXT
        
        A PRACTICAL APPROACH
        
        all three criteria
        
        content, consequences, social cultural
        
        functional, appropriate, expected, age gender, situation, history
        
        social trends, culture bonds, beliefs, customs
    - - staistical infrequency, non conformity, violation of social norms
      - may be illegal rather than abnormal
      - varies across cultures
    - - personnel suffering
    - - impaired functioning
      - culture bound syndrome
    - - centuries ago superstitution
      - weak character, personnel chore, illness, physical problems, faulty learning, different social situation
      - different explanations= diffrent attitudes=different treatment
      - few get help due to stigma
      - media drive perceptions
  - - - ALL THREE APPROACHES
    - - AKA neurobiological model
      - medical model
      - mental illness
      - diagnosed, treated, cured
      - anatomy, chemistry, genetics, bio factors
    - - wants, needs, emotions, learned experiences, attachment, perceptions
      - 1800 Freud, more than just physical causes
      - unresolved, unconscious, conflicts beginning in childhood
      - inborn impulses vs social limitations
      - past learning, current SLT, schemas, social cognitive
      - humanistic approach=healthy growth is blocked, failure to be aware+ express feelings= distorted reality. more distortion= more disorder
    - - gender, age, ethnicity, background, social class, culture
      - can influence disorder
      - culture specific
      - social roles, opportunities, experiences, expression, effect treatment
    - - predispositions
      - disorder / symptoms depends on nature and amount of the stress
      - trigger response
      - inherited, biological, early learning, combine to create diathesis
      - risk and vulnerability
  - - - apprehension, longlisting, disruptive
      - PHOBIAS
        
        fear, irrational, social anxiety, agraphia (alone, away from safe place)
      - generalised anxiety disorder
        
        no patterns
        
        worry
      - panic disorder
      - OCD
        
        obsessive thoughts and behaviour
      - CAUSES
        
        bio
        
        psych
        
        soc
        
        phobias
        
        learned
        
        conditioned
        
        avoidance
    - - disrupt memory, thoughts, consciousness,
      - new ID, new location
      - disassociation amnesia
      - DID disassociation identity disorder
      - DEVELOPMENT
        
        repression of ID
        
        role play
        
        reward/escape/ avoidance
        
        memory loss
        
        have experiences want to forget
        
        skilled in self hypnosis
        
        escape trauma through new personality
    - - extreme moods
      - depression disorders
        
        sad, hopeless, false beliefs, delusions, exaggerated feelings, worthlessness, guilt
        
        suicide/ depression
        
        closely tied
        
        risk
        
        thoughts
        
        diagnosed
        
        attempts
        
        stress
        
        talk/do
      - persistent depression disorder
        
        mild, last at least 2 years
        
        trend, will be 2nd leading cause of disability / preventable death in western world
      - bi polar ( mania to depression)
    - - disturbed thinking, emotion, perceptions, behaviour
      - symptoms
        
        use of language
        
        content of thought
        
        delusions (influenced, self significant, persecution)
        
        hallucinations
        
        same brain areas responsible for real sensations activated
        
        lack of focus
      - spectrum , positive/negative
        
        psychotic
        
        disorganised
        
        negative
        
        co morbid
      - CAUSES
        
        BIO
        
        neuro developmental
        
        smaller lobes
        
        psychosocial
      - complex, not fully understood, most studied
      - vulnerable, diathesis, stress, biological, genetics, poor parenting, high stress family, inadequate coping
    - - inflexible ways of behaviour, longstanding
      - types
        
        cluster A, paranoid, schizophrenic
        
        cluster B, dramatic, erratic, histrionic, narcastic, borderline APD
        
        CLUSTERC, anxious, fearful, dependant, obsessive, compulsive
      - APD
        
        moral insanity (AKA)
        
        manipulate, troublesome, charming, self centred, lie
        
        5%, 50 % violent crime :
        
        diathesis , early development
      - diagnosis is controversial
    - - neuro developmental
      - ADHD
      - AUTISM
      - substance disorder
        
        psychoactive medicine
        
        addiction
        
        childhood disorder= substance abuse
        
        dont need addiction to be harmful
    - - set of behaviours. patterns, range of abnormality, impaired functions
      - diagnostics
      - APA DSM 5, ICF BY WHO, ICP11
      - consider the context, contact, functional impairment
    - - Physical disorder/ no physical cause
      - conversion disorder
      - sensory/ motor failure with no physical causes evident
      - dysmorphic disorder, body image
      - CAUSES
        
        hypochondriasis
        
        learned to get attention
        
        stress
        
        focus on threat
        
        diathesis
        
        over sensitivity
  - - - client/ patient+ therapist+ treatment
      - treatment based on theory
      - inpatient/ hospital
      - outpatient/home/ community
      - psychiatrist, medical doctor
      - psychologist clinical or counsellor
      - social workers
    - - change thinking, behaviour, feelings
      - treatment plan
      - theory , methods
      - EVIDENCE BASED PARACTISE
    - - Freud
      - one on one
      - role of thought
      - emotion/ motivation
      - relationship
      - CLASSICAL PSYCHOANAYLIS
        
        free association
        
        unconscious wishes/ fantasies
        
        maladaptive thoughts that fuel behaviour
        
        interpreted free association
        
        how conflict shapes current problems
        
        defence mechanisms that keep preconscious/ unconscious thoughts out of consciousness
        
        internal conflict
        
        CONTEMPORARY VARIATIONS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
        
        all modern psychotherapy use some of Freuds techs
        
        con uncon conflict
        
        transference analysis
        
        problems stem from relationships with others
        
        interpersonal therapy understand and overcome problems
        
        still used, not popular
    - - people control their own action and take responsibility for their own actions
      - not inner behaviour conflict, but by innate drives towards growth that is guided by how people perceive their world
      - equal treatment, not given by expert
      - client helps there self
      - no observations, clients decide what is talked about, no judgement or advice
      - listen/ paraphrase
        
        empathy
        
        congruence
        
        unconditional positive regard
        
        acceptance
      - CARL ROGERS
    - - people actively organise perception of the world
      - people create reality
      - aware of feelings, ideas, values that are not their own
      - decline in popularity
    - - popular, self awareness, psych problems, learnt beahviours
      - maladaptive thoughts and behaviour learned
      - personality development
      - learn/unlearn
      - conditioning, Pavlov classical conditioning
      - skinner, operant conditioning
      - TREATMENT
        
        CBT
        
        thinking about self and world
        
        learned principles
        
        ID thought and change
        
        RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOUR THEREPY
        
        Albert Ellis
        
        events, how people think about events, not the events themselves
        
        ID self defeating beliefs
        
        should or must replaced
        
        replace maladaptive thoughts with realistic helpful thoughts
        
        cognitive restructuring
        
        Becks cognitive restructuring therapy (distortions)
        
        erroring logic , distortions, catasrphosise, personalise, all or nothing
        
        automatic , not considered wether to be true or not
        
        test beliefs, dont accept without thought
        
        organised problem solving
        
        develop optimism, stop self blame
        
        mindfulness, mediation, positive emotion
        
        MODIFY BEAHVIOUR
        
        desensitation
        
        modelling
        
        positive reinforcement
        
        extinction
        
        flooding
        
        aversion therapy
        
        PUNISHMENT
    - - PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS (MOST COMMON BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT FORALL DISORDERS
        
        NEUROLEPTICMEDS
        
        ANTIPSYCHOTICS
        
        reduce hallucinations
        
        paranoia
        
        distorted thinking
        
        ANTIDEPRESSANDS
        
        serotonin reuptake inhibitors
        
        debate about effectivness
        
        no greater than exercise
        
        57% did better than placebo
        
        saint johns wort
        
        80-90% do not respond well alone
        
        LITHIUM AND ANTICONVULSANTS
        
        Mineral salts prevents depression and the mania effects of bi polar
        
        lower suicide
        
        TRANQUILISER MEDS
        
        reduce physical and mental tension
        
        reduce anxiety
        
        most prescribed medication
      - PSYCHOSURGERY
        
        Destroy brain tissue
        
        prefrontal lobotomy
        
        rare today
        
        ELECTROCONVULSIVE THEREPY
- - - - input
      - process
      - output
    - - neuronal cells, sperate, give take signals
        
        outer membrane
        
        cell body
        
        mitochondria, oxygen and glucose
        
        axons, dendrites
        
        structure shapes size
        
        axons send
        
        dendrites recieve
        
        gaps between neurons are synapses
        
        axon to dendrites
        
        dentrites to denntrites
        
        rapid cluster of firing neurons epilepsy/seizure
        
        myelin
        
        fatty substance wraps around some axons
        
        electrical tape
        
        improve conduction, speed , action potential
        
        NODES OF RANVIER, allow ions in
        
        action potential
        
        neurons let chemicals in
        
        electrochemical potential ions towards cell through channels on dendrites and axons
        
        DEPOLARISATION
        
        low positive charge , gates open let in positive charge
        
        when shoots down axon, action potential, like a gun, or all nothing
        
        neurons can fire repeatly
        
        gaps in firing rest is called refractory period where firing stops and polarisation begins again
        
        PATTERNS OF NEURONS FIRING ARE CODED MESSAGES
        
        example intensity of stimuli
        
        ORGANISATION AND FUNCTION OF NS
        
        NEURAL NETWORKS
        
        groups of neurons working togeather
        
        small, large
        
        fire togeather
        
        multi neurons sending signals
        
        sensory sytems
        
        BRAIN PROCESSES INFO, MOTOR NEURONS ANGAGED, ORGANS AND MUSCLES (SOMATIC NS)
        
        NERVOUS SYSTEM
        
        CNS
        
        bone
        
        brain, spinal cord
        
        reflex's, incoming signal bypass brain , involuntary
        
        PNS
        
        SOMATIC NS/ SENSORY/MOTOR
        
        senses
        
        motor
        
        AUTONOMIC NS, GLANDS/ORGANS
        
        PARAsympathetic (perform)
        
        2 more items...
        
        sympathetic (sleep)
        
        2 more items...
        
        NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE INVOLVED IN ALL ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL PROCESSES
        
        chemical messages
        
        stored in vesticles at tip of axon
        
        certain neurons can connect
        
        trillions of connections possible
        
        neural receptors
        
        attach proteins neural receptors like puzzle
        
        different effects with combinations
        
        when bind together channels open up
        
        chemical signal crosses synapes creates electrochemical signal
        
        EXCITORY/ INHIBITORY SIGNALS
        
        postsynaptic cell change / post synaptic potential
        
        depolarised, activate, neuron fires, EPSP, excitatory postsynaptic potential
        
        hyperpolarisation, deactivate, less likely to fire, IPSP, inhibitory
      - non neuronal cells are glial, glue hold neurons togeather
        
        help communication
        
        help growth
        
        provide energy
        
        repair damage
    - - small molecule
        
        acetylcholine
        
        PNS
        
        movmnet
        
        norepinephrine
        
        CNS.PNS, Arousal, action
        
        serotonine
        
        sleep
        
        mood
        
        appetite
        
        impulse, aggression control
        
        dopomine
        
        pleasure
        
        reward
        
        arousal
        
        GABBA
        
        sleep
        
        CNS
        
        glutamate
        
        strenghen synaptic connections
        
        learning
        
        memory
        
        most used by neurons
      - PEPTIDES
        
        endogens
        
        morphine
        
        endorphins
      - GASES
        
        nitric oxide
        
        released by neurons
        
        dont need protein or receptors
        
        not stored in vesticles
        
        released from any part of neuron
      - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
        
        chemicals released by glands, hormones
        
        adrenalin
        
        cortisol
        
        tertestrone
        
        estrogene
  - - - medulla oblongata
        
        breathing
        
        blood presure
        
        heartrate
      - locus coeruleus
        
        attention
      - cerebellum
        
        movement
        
        impulse
        
        emotion
    - - Substania nigra
      - reticular formation
        
        arousal
    - - thalmus
        
        relay info from organs
      - hypothalamus
        
        regulate thirst
        
        appetite
        
        sexdrive
      - suprachiasmatic
        
        biological rhythm
      - hippocampus
        
        new memory
      - amygdala
        
        emotion, fear, reward
- - - - brain structure
      - increased focus
      - increased process info
      - ignore distractions
      - increase imagination
      - increase fantasies
      - increase suggestibilty
      - positive about hypno
      - test, eye roll, hand clasp, backward falling
    - - hypnoidal state everyone
      - light trance 95%
      - med trance 70%
      - deep trance 25%
      - somnambulism 2%
    - - reduced plan fullness
      - fantasy enhanced
      - increased role taking
      - reduced reality testing
    - - non state theory
        
        role play
        
        not altered state
        
        social accepted reason to follow certain suggestions
      - disassociation theory thought and action is split in conscioousnes
        
        pain can be controlled voluntarily
        
        voluntary movement can happen on their own
        
        share control with hypnotist disassociated mental function
        
        example no pain from hand in ice
    - - pain relief
      - limit bleeding
      - recovery from stress
  - - - biological/ sleep
      - outside agent/ drugs
      - brain chemistry/ hypnosis/ meditation
    - - alter neuro transmissions and receptors
      - must cross blood brain barrier
      - neuro drug connection normal function of the particular brain system that use neuro transmitters (NT)
        
        agonist
        
        mimic NT
        
        antagonist , bind to receptors, block NT
        
        speed, slow ,remove from synapse
    - - psychological
      - physical addiction
      - withdrawl
      - sussecibility
      - learned
      - novel
      - pleasure
      - tolerence
        
        graving
        
        larger doses
    - - not just biochemical
      - learned expectation
      - role
    - - DEPRESENTS
        
        CNS depressant drugs slowdown CNS
        
        mainly in the brain
        
        GABA reduces/ inhibits neuron activity
        
        depressants increase GABA
        
        TYPES
        
        alcohol
        
        affects neurons (dopamine and endorphins, glutamate, serotonin, GABA)
        
        affects cerebral cortex, hippocampus (memory)
        
        barbiturates
        
        sleeping tablets
        
        stimulate GABA
        
        addictive
        
        GHB
        
        club drug
        
        similar to GABA
      - CNS STIMULATING
        
        Amphetamines
        
        speed, upper
        
        increase release and decrease removal of norepinephrine at synapses
        
        alertness, arousal,
        
        crystal meth
        
        stimulate brain and ANS
        
        cocaine
        
        increase dopamine and norepinephrine activity decrease GABA
        
        caffeine
        
        coffee
        
        nicotine
        
        stimulate ANS , enhance acetylcholine and glutamate (primary excitatory)
        
        no rush
        
        MDMA
        
        ecstasy
        
        increase dopamine
        
        opiates
        
        opium, morphine, heroin, codeine
        
        induce sleep
        
        heroin 3x stronger than morphine
        
        euphoric, elation
        
        act as antagonist for endorphines
        
        alter GABA and glutamate receptors
        
        makes brain go into painkilling mood
      - HALLUCINOGENIC (psychedelic)s
        
        loss contact with reality
        
        emotions, perceptions and thoughts
        
        loss identity , body image, fantasy, hallucinate
        
        LSD
        
        stimulate serotonin receptors
        
        Ketamine, special k
        
        marijuana
        
        body produces own canabloids responce to THC
        
        enocannibloids interact with pleasure actions of endorphins and dopamine