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Communism in Asia. - Coggle Diagram
Communism in Asia.
Korea.
Successes:
- He ended the war in Korea. He saw the war was unwinnable as the Communists were so well established. Eisenhower deserves praise for going against the advice of most of his advisors to be more warlike.
- He also remained firm against the desire of Syngman Rhee (leader of South Korea), Dulles (Secretary of State), Nixon (VP) and the leading military figures for further military action. He restored peace and the pre-war status quo in Korea. He did this by pressing the Chinese to agree to peace in Korea by refusing to deny that he might use nuclear weapons. The Chinese were fearful that the new Soviet leader Khrushchev might not support them and so signed the armistice.
Failures:
- Great human cost in terms of lives lost – approximately 55,000 US soldiers.
- The 3-year war had been ended with the situation pretty much as it had been before the war started.
- The financial cost was at least $20 billion – containment in Asia had been very expensive.
China.
Successes:
- America’s response to China regarding Taiwan can be a success in containing Communism
- The US decided to defend the Chinese nationalist stronghold of Taiwan. It sent the Seventh fleet to the Taiwan Strait to keep peace and it gave military and economic aid to Taiwan to contain Chinese communism. In 1953, following a Chinese attack on the islands of Quemoy and Matsu, Eisenhower used brinkmanship, threatening the use of nuclear weapons against China. As a result, China backed down. A similar scenario took place in 1958 and again China backed down; brinkmanship had been successful, and Taiwan remained independent.
Failures:
- The USA failed to prevent the victory of Mao Zedong in China despite sending substantial aid to the Nationalists.
- The loss of China caused the government to be accused of having ‘lost’ China and McCarthyism increased the fear that Communists in the government had allowed this to happen.
Vietnam.
Successes:
- An anti-Communist state was set up under American auspices in South Vietnam. This was an example of rollback.
- Eisenhower refused to help the French with an American airstrike to help them in their battle against the Communists at Dien Bien Phu. He stood up to Nixon and Dulles who both advocated supporting the French.
- Eisenhower managed to avoid deploying ground troops in Vietnam.
Failures:
- The northern part of Vietnam was lost to Communism.
• At the 1954 Geneva Conference it was agreed that France would leave Vietnam and Vietnam would be temporarily divided into a Communist North and democratic South until elections were held. Eisenhower refused to sign this agreement as he knew that the Communists would win democratic elections and Vietnam would fall to communism. Eisenhower missed the opportunity for the United States to exit with the French in 1954 at which stage it would have been the French who ‘lost’ Vietnam to Communism. He staked American prestige on the continued existence of the South Vietnamese state that he had created. So, he bears massive responsibility for the future escalation of the war under JFK and LBJ
Iran.
Successes:
- Iran was at risk of falling into the hands of Communism. American encouraged an Irian Coup in 1953 that restored the authority of the dictatorial, pro-American Shah.
- Thanks to American’s containment of Communism in the Middle East Iran gave US oil companies forty per cent of Iranian oil. Consequently, helping the American oil industry and economy.
Failures:
- Complete moral failure. Eisenhower has topped Iran’s democratically elected PM under pressure from Britain. PM Mossadegh had seized control of the British owned Anglo-Persian Oil Company. It was pressure from US owned oil companies that the same would happen to them under Eisenhower to act. He actually resorted to power ruthless dictator – the pro US Shad who gave US oil companies 40% of Iranian oil.
Arab Nationalism.
Sussecces:
- By 1958 Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordon and Lebanon were buying arms from the US. Syria and Egypt were buying arms from the USSR. In July 1958 Nasser encouraged the overthrow of the pro-Western Iraqi monarchy. This scared Lebanon who asked the US for help. Eisenhower sent troops into Lebanon by they never engaged in warfare and left within a month. This was a show of force that was successful as the Lebanese government was secured and Nasser adopted a lower profile.
Failures:
- It was a waste of money as Lebanon was in no real threat.
- Coast a lot of money and time.
Egypt & Suez Crisis.
Successes:
- He tried to keep out of the Arab-Israeli crisis but tried to win Arab friends by giving economic aid to Egypt. Egypt’s leader appeared to be cosying up to the Chinese and Russians and so Dulles withdrew offer of aid in 1956. Nasser then took over the Anglo-French owned Suez Canal in retaliation. The British and France asked for help in military action against Nasser. Eisenhower refused. Israel, France and Britain attacked Egypt in October 1956. Eisenhower put pressure on Britain and France to withdraw and received international praise,
Failures:
- Egypt were no longer friends with America and were supplied by the Soviet union.