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New World Monkey: South America - Coggle Diagram
New World Monkey: South America
NW monkey = Superfamily Cebiodea
Family Cebidae
Subfamily Cebinae
Capuchin monkey
popular in movie, organ grinder monkey
smartest NW monkey
only NW monkey that can use tools
closest relative to squirrel monkey
insectivorous
Squirrel monkey
similar in size to ancestral monkey from Africa
hunt bugs
not smart
look (color, arch) different in different locations
Subfamily Atelinae (Large)
Howler monkeys
larger, higher in tree
folivorous = vegetarian
coexist with spider
not active, do not travel, leaf everywhere
sound like war
Spider monkey
high canopy
never come down
prehensile tail - only in NW monkey
frugivore
coexist with howler
fission-fussion
Muriqui (woolly spider)
fission-fussion
little dominance and aggression
prehensile tail only in large South America monkeys
northernmost of NW monkey
Nocturnal: Owl/night monkey
only nocturnal forager monkey
diurnal ancestor, presence of fovea
no prosimians, so nice niche
Saki, uakari, titi (Large)
Uakari
male: red bulps = ready to mate
Saki
platyrrhine = wide apart nostrial
yellow face
Family Callitrichidae = Subfamily Callitrichinea
Common marmoset
dada carry
2 babies
pygmy marmoset
smallest monkey in the world
sap-eating
holes in family trees
lower teeth: unlike comb
Tamarin
Cotton-top tamarin: speciate, North Columbia, <10,000
2 babies
golden lion tamarin
Brazil
golden headed lion tamarin, black lion tamarin, color changes
emperor tamarin
Charactertistics
twins and triplets - revert back
paternal care: father carries young
little sexual dimorphism
reproductive suppresion: not puberty until parents die
monogamy, small family group
phyletic dwarfism = small size = eat bugs
re-evolved claws instead of nails
teeth: 2-1-3-2, 3rd molar disappeas
Characteristics
Arboreal / tree-living: none terrestrial
diurnal
Exception: owl monkey
no rhinarium / wet nose,
but internal vomernasal system & scent-marking
less intelligent than OW monkey
Exception: capuchin monkey very smart
smaller than OW monkey
Exception: spider monkey, muriqui
common 36 teeth (2-1-3-3)
Exception: marmoset 32 (2-1-3-2)
(Human: 2-1-2-3)
prehensile tail
only in South America, for large monkeys
Birth
single birth
Exception: marmoset, tamarin
single uterus, hemochorial placenta
ovarian cycle, but no menstural bleeding
high level of steroid hormones (adrenal & gonadal)
many different social systems
platyrrhine = nostrials far apart
Adaptation radiation
Smallest monkey: Gypmy marmoset (~1/4 lb)
Origin
continents drift, end up in South America
Convergent evolution: NW prosimian -> NW monkey, WRONG!
Parallel Evolution
NW prosimian in South America extinct
OW prosimian: some become OW monkey,
some move to NW monkey to South America,
OW and NW monkeys similar
during Oligocene
Central American under water
South America
Amazon river and Andes Mountains
separates monkeys and allow speciation
most diversity, noctunal monkey