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Apes & Us = Superfamily Hominoidea - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Africa equator
      - mountain gorilla
        
        East Africa
        
        Virunga Volcanoes (Rwanda)
        
        George Schaller (UW Zoology): first field study
        
        Dain Fossey
      - Gorilla gorilla (lowland)
        
        vegetarian
        
        terrestrial
        
        small social groups: 1,2,3 male + many females
        
        West Africa
        
        forest, sometimes swamp
      - less aggresive = peaceful, just threat, perfer not to fight
      - multi-M + multi-F + some kids
        
        siver-blacked adult male
        
        unrelated females join males
      - vegetarian, bamboo shoots
        
        strong jaw muscle -> push skull upward = Sagittal Crest
      - ground + tree
        
        terrestrial knuckle-walk in day
        
        sleep on trees in nests
      - largest primates
        
        sexually dimorphic
    - - Chimpanzee & bonobo = Subtribe Panina
        
        closest relative to human
        
        chimpanzee & bonobo separate by river
        
        ominvore, terrestrial, fission-fusion community
        
        chimpanzee & human: 98% similarity,
        difference in brain development
        
        2 more chromesomes in chimp
        
        Central Africa
        
        Jane Goodall
        
        make tools
        
        cooperative hunting, eat monkeys = omnivorous
        
        inter-community aggression
        
        can be peaceful
        
        most enduring relationship: mom teaches baby
        
        Cleve Hicks
        
        discovered 10,000 + chimps in Congo with tools
        
        Bonobo
        
        isolated from chimpanzee, southere
        
        cohesive groups
        
        not widely distributed
      - Humans
        
        first stand up, then brain larger
        
        difference with chimp
        
        dramatic change in brain size: 3 * chimpanzee
        
        90 transcription factors -> 1000 genes in brain
        
        Human Accelerated Regions (HAR) = frontal contex
        
        some human-like forms by interbreding
        
        "Flores" people: small type of human,
        chimpanzee-sized brain, use tools
        
        C shape -> S-shape vertebral column
        
        shortened pelvis
        
        different angle of femur(thigh): no bow leg
        
        different placement of foot when talking
        
        shorter arms relative to leg
  - - - Sumatra endangered (<15,000), West: 2 species
        
        newly discovered Tapanuli species: 800
        
        isolated
      - Borneo natural habitat: 2-3 subspecies (<50,000), East: 1 species
      - much plantation = less habitat
    - - female oran cannot bear sub-adult male
    - - Pongo pgymaeus morio