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Fives ways of Classifying Research - Coggle Diagram
Fives ways of Classifying Research
Methods of Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Moves from the general to the specific
Theory to hypothesis to Observation, to confirmation
Inductive Reasoning
Specific to General
From a set of observations to a pattern
Purpose of Research
Descriptive
Describe the Scope of the Problem
Ask who where when and how
Knowing the problems frequency,prevalence, degree and scope
Characteristics
Age
Nationality
Gender
Explanatory
Find a Cuase, Answer Why
We have seen a certian change in scope
Why does a Certain Problem Exist
Exploratory
Ask the Quistion What
When there is little or no prior research
Collect Data as a Baseline for Later Comparisons
Explore the Nature of the Problem or Policy
Also Appropriate when some type of policy is being considered
Nature of Data
Quantitve Data
From Carefully designed studies
Conclusions drawed from Statistics and Generalized to Populations of Interest
Qualitive data
From Feild research and Case Studies
Conclusions drawed on observations
Provides a better understanding
Time Dimensions of Research
Cross Sectional studies
Observing a single point in time
SImpler and less costly to conduct then longitudinal studies
Longitudinal Studies
Involves multiple observations made over time
Trend Studies
Examine changes within some general population over some time
Often collect data over many years.
Opinion Polling
Panel Studies
Follows the same people, group, or organizations over multiply time periods
Cohort Studies
Just like panel studies but individuals share common experience
Goal is to examine how they change over time
Collects data on them every X time period to track changes.
Unit of Analysis
Aggregate
Groups of Units
Individuals
Groups
Community
States
Nations
Social Artifacts
Fallacies:errors in Reasoning
Ecological Fallacy
Making Assertion about individuals based on the examination of groups
Reductionism
Using anecdotal evidence evidence to predict how a group might behave