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34 ARGUMENTATIVE TEXTS. STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS - Coggle Diagram
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ARGUMENTATIVE TEXTS. STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS
Types of texts
: narrative, descriptive, argumentative, exposition and dialogue
Argumentative texts: elements and classification
: argumentation is related to logic, dialectics and rhetoric
Elements of argumentative texts
Audience
: cultural environment. Quality and competence of the minds of the audience
Scope of argumentation
: structure and characteristic of the text
Speaker
: character and skill of the orator
Types of argumentative texts
Commentary
: gives information on a subject or offers a different point of view
Scientific type
: the argument should be backed up by verifiable facts
Subjective and objective texts
: tenor
Political speeches, newspaper reports, letters to newspapers, informal discussions, advertisements
Structure of argumentative texts
Structural coherence
Temporal structure
: examples, reformulations and additions are used to move from given elements to an analysis of how these operate in relation to each other
Deductive structure
: the thesis is related to a general proposition, which is related to a particular one (from context to text)
Cause-to-effect structure
: most common structure.
Inductive structure
: from the particular to the general
General to particular structure
: subsequent comments amplify the preceding ones
Dialectical structure
: thesis, antithesis, synthesis
Climatic structure
: the encoder views items secuentially. Thesis, antithesis, hypothesis
Listing structure
: enumerative sequence
Structural cohesion: grammatical and lexical devices which link the different parts of a text
Grammatical cohesion
Substitution
: nominal (
one, ones, same
), verbal (
do, have, be
), clausal (
do, so, not
)
Ellipsis
: omission of part of a clause
Reference
Conjuntions
: connect clauses, interpret relations between them. Additive, adversative, causal, temporal
Lexical cohesion
Re-iteration
: repetition, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, metonymy, co-reference
Collocation
The traditional approach
Argumentation
: discussion of the argument
Conclusion
:summarise or review the main points
Introduction
: inform of the purpose or importance of the topic
Characteristics of argumentative texts
: subjectivity, objectivity, mode of presentation
Structural characteristics
: reasons for the text's existence and mode in which it is found
Lexical characteristics
: headings, underlining, bold letters, italics
Stylistic characteristics
: continuum towards objectivity
Evocative style
Persuasive style
Ironical style
Appreciatory and depreciatory style
Formal style
Technical style
Informal style
Neutral style
Illustrative style