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Chapter 25 Mind Map, Soil Horizons, Light Intensity, Uniform Distribution,…
Chapter 25 Mind Map
Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats
habitat is set conditions where organism completes life cycle
operational habitat is aspects of habitat that affect the organism
two types of habitat components
biotic
abiotic
abiotic components of the habitat
climate
critically important to all species
there are many components
temperature
rainfall
relative humidity
wind
temperature extremes are more important than average
moisture supplies water but can also damage environment
highs and low extremes is the tolerance range of an organism
soil factors
soils are formed by the breakdown of rock
first plants to invade a new soil are called pioneers
soil profile is made of three horizons
a horizon is uppermost layer (zone of leaching)
b horizon is middle layer (zone of deposition)
c horizon is bottom layer (composed of rock fragments)
latitude and altitude
latitude contributes many factors to the abiotic environment
length of days
amount of light energy
temperatures
soil formation
altitude contributes many factors to the abiotic environment
winds
growing season
presence of water
ultraviolet light intensity
disturbance
phenomena such as fires, landslides, snow avalanches, floods
produce significant, often radical changes very quickly
directly affect biotic factors directly
little or no effect on abiotic factors
biotic components of the habitat
the plant itself
an individual can modify its environment
habitat modification can be beneficial, detrimental, or neutral
other plant species
interaction occurs between multiple individuals
types of interaction
mutualism is where interaction is beneficial for both individuals
competition is where interaction puts both individuals at a disadvantage
competition is where two populations are fighting for the same resources
competitive exclusion happens when the less adapted species is excluded from the ecosystem
a niche is the role that an individual plays in the environment
subpopulations that are specialized in a response to the environment are considered ecotypes
transplant experiments are performed to test if ecotypes exist
transplant experiments are hosted in a common garden
there are many more types of interaction within animal species
organisms other than plants
animals, fungi, and prokaryotes are important in habitats
most instances of pollination are mutualistic
frugivores are animals that eat and disperse seeds
commensal relationships are when one species benefits and the other is unaffected
predation is when one species benefits and the other is harmed
animals that eat plants are herbivores
herbivory (or browsing or grazing) is the process of herbivores eating
pathogenic relationships are relationships between plants and fungi or bacteria
The Structure of Ecosystems
physiognomic structure
the physical size and shape of the organism and its distribution compared to others in environment
system of life forms developed based on stress survival tactics
five types of life forms
therophytes
geophytes
hemicryptophytes
chamaephytes
phanerophytes
temporal structure
changes that an ecosystem undergoes with time
plants can change dramatically with the season
species flower at different times during the spring
in some ecosystems, dry and wet seasons determine change
species composition
the number and diversity of coexisting species
depends on
climate
soil composition
species tolerance ranges
competition
trophic levels
feeding levels in an environment
typically put in a pyramid, the trophic levels consist of
autotrophs
herbivores
carnivores
top carnivores
decomposers
autotrophs
primary producers
first step of the food web
herbivores
primary consumers
omnivores exist at this level
carnivores
secondary consumers
omnivores also exist at this level
top carnivores
tertiary consumers
not preyed upon by other animals
decomposers break down the remains of all types of organisms
energy flow (carbon flow) is the movement of energy through the trophic levels
minerals also flow through the ecosystem with energy
The Structure of Populations
geographic distribution
boundaries of the geographic range
ability of plants to spread is based on adaptations
limiting factor is one factor that determines the health of the plant
limiting factors apply to all aspects of interaction
any factor of the ecosystem can act as a limiting factor
soil factors can be a boundary for geographic ranges
local geographic distribution
three types of local distribution
random
clumped
uniform
random distribution
no obvious, identifiable pattern
knowing position of one plant does not help with position of other plants
clumped distribution
spacing between plants is either small or large
can result from many factors
uniform distribution
all individuals are evenly spaced from their neighbor
occurs in orchards and tree plantations
not extremely common
allelochemics are chemicals that inhibit other plants
allelopathy is the inhibition of the plants
age distribution: demography
demography is the relative proportions of young, middle aged, and old individuals
analysis is applied most to animal populations
two factors affect the rate of population growth
generation time
intrinsic rate of natural increase
generation time is the length of time between the birth of an organism and the birth of its offspring
intrinsic rate of natural increase is the number of offspring produced by individuals
biotic potential is measured under ideal conditions
carrying capacity is maximum number of individuals that an environment can handle
many factors cause death and birth rate to fluctuate
r- and k-selection
r-selection
disturbances usually produces r conditions
pioneers to the area survive best if they reproduce quickly
spread of predators and pathogens is low in these conditions
r-selected species
annuals or shrubby perennials
matures early with many seeds
few mechanical or chemical defenses
k-selection
almost every possible site is filled in k environments
k-selected species
perennial plants
late maturity with few, large seeds
many defenses
population growth is limited by the species' own biotic potential
Concepts
ecology
study of organisms in relationship to everything around them
components of a habitat
population is group of individuals of the same species
community is all populations together
ecosystem is communities with nonliving environment
abiotic components of the habitat impact species composition
disturbances produce an r-selection environment
allelochemicals can be used to help a plant deal with stress
species composition could depend on geographic distribution
habitats depend on trophic levels
