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X-Ray Diffraction and the Discovery of the Structure of DNA - Coggle…
X-Ray Diffraction and the Discovery of the Structure of DNA
Technology that leads to advances in scientific ideas
technology used
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X ray diffraction
or X-ray crystallography
experimental science
determining atomic and molecular structure
of a crystal
crystalline structure
causes a beam of incident X-rays
diffract into many directions
discovery
discovered in 1912
first report of X-ray diffraction
by Max Von Laue
persuaded colleagues Walter Friedrich and Paul Knipping
perform experiment
showed diffraction spots surrounding central spot
primary beam
University of Munich, Germany
sent a beam of X-rays
through copper sulphate crystal
recorded results on photographic plates
advances
model of DNA advanced by X-ray diffraction
technology advanced this idea
structure unlocked many ideas
structure
function
how cell is copied
Chargaff's Rules
structure of DNA
A, T, C, G
analysed structure of DNA of different animals
previous perseptions
Darwin's theory of evolution
DNA was unknown
evidence collected by technology
Rosalind Franklin
X-ray diffraction
determine structure of DNA molecules
diffraction patterns
telltale indicator
DNA is a double helix
radius, pitch, pitch angle and the number of phosphate molecules per pitch of the DNA helix
could be determined
impact of technology
X-ray diffraction
powerful non destructive technique
characterising crystalline materials
provides information
structures
phases
preferred crystal orientations (texture)
measures average spacing
between layers or rows of atoms
allows scientists
determine orientation of single crystal
measure size and shape of small
crystalline regions
sparked creation of antibiotic treatment and insulin
1969
helped to understand and treat diabetes
proteins
can be crystallised to aid in studying
protein structures and composition
forensic laboratories
use crystallography
investigate cases involving
counterfeiting
adulteration
at crime scenes identify
metals
materials
scientific ideas lead to advances in techology
technology advanced by improved knowledge
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lead to better understanding of DNA
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new DNA based technologies
cloning
DNA fingerprinting
PCR
Plymerase chain reaction
gene therapy
CRISPR
basis of technology
based on model of DNA
impact
biotechnologies
agricultural
examples:
plant and animal breeding
plant resistant crops
developing genetically modified plants
increase crop yield
introduce favourable characteristics
reduce effects stress factors
weather
pests
medicine
examples:
antibiotics
gene therapy
vaccines
gene manipulations
increase insulin production
use of living cell and cell material
primarily used for finding cures
preventing disease
study of DNA
manipulate genetic make up
industrial
examples:
fermentation
microorganisms
improves efficiency
biocatalysts
applied techniques of moecular biology
reduces the multifaceted envronmental impacts
production
paper
pup
chemical manufacturing
textile
environmental
examples:
bioremidiation
technology used in waste treatment and pollution
more efficient clean up
compared to conventional methods
reduce dependence on other methods
land-based disposal