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Altered Hormonal and Metabolic Function, Zora Mayo - Coggle Diagram
Altered Hormonal and Metabolic Function
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
Cause
Elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone leading to water retention
Hyponatremia where serum sodium is less than
135 mEq/L
Hypotonicity where plasma osmolality is less than
280 mOsm/kg
Absence of renal, adrenal, or thyroid abnormalities
High sodium content in highly concentrated urine
Symptoms
Vomiting
Headache
Confusion
Weakness
Treatment
Fluid restriction
Medications to to adjust possible electrolyte balance
Diabetes Insipidus
Symptoms
Heavy Urination
bed-wetting
Extreme thirst
headache
Treatment
Hormone therapy
Low sodium diet
IV fluids and fluid replacement
Cause
Insufficient ADH production or ineffective secretion by the posterior pituitary
Inadequate kidney response to presence of ADH (nephrogenic DI)
Ingestion of large volumes of fluids and decreased ADH levels
Hyperthyroidism
Symptoms
Enlarged thyroid gland
Excessive metabolic rate of the body leading to weight loss
agitation and restlessness
sweating and heat intolerance
Suppression of TSH levels
Cause
Excessive thyroid hormone production
Excessive stimulation to the thyroid gland
Diseases of the thyroid gland
Certain medications containing large amounts of iodine
Excess production of TSH by pituitary adenoma
Treatment
Gland destruction via radioactive iodine
Thyroid hormone production blocking medications
Hypothyroidism
Cause
Deficient thyroid hormone synthesis
Destruction of thyroid gland
impaired TSH or TRH secretion
Common in autoimmunity, iodine deficiency, thyroid removal, or radiation therapy
Treatment
Hormone replacement therapy to normalize T4, T3, and TSH levels
Supportive care to alleviate symptoms
Symptoms
Dry skin
Course hair
constipation
Lethargy
Impaired reproduction
Weight gain
Cushing Syndrome
Symptoms
Glucose intolerance
Obesity of the trunk, face, and upper back "moon face" "buffalo hump"
Extreme weakness and muscle wasting
Atrophic and thin skin
Treatment
Surgery or radiation to remove causative tumors
Corticosteroids to avert adrenal crisis
Cause
Prolonged exposure to elevated levels of endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids
Ectopic production of ACTH or CRH from a tumor
Excess ACTH production by pituitary gland tumor
Excess cortisol production stimulated by tumors of adrenal gland
Addison Disease
Symptoms
Hyperpigmentation of skin and mucous membranes
Nonspecific symptoms: fatigue, nausea, dizziness when standing
Treatment
Hormone replacement for lacking glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens
Implementation of steroids
Cause
Destruction of pituitary from hemorrhage, trauma, tumors, radiation, or surgery,
Lack of ACTH production from the pituitary
Adrenal glands unable to produce glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, or androgens
Elevated ACTH levels to increase secretion of lacking major steroid hormones
Zora Mayo