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Chemistry topic 10.1, TOPIC 20.3, TOPIC 10.2 - Coggle Diagram
Chemistry topic 10.1
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HOMOLOGOUS SERIES
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Homologous series: series of closely related compounds in organic chemistry
-members of the same HS have same general formula and functional group
-as the molar mass increases, the strength of the intermolecular forces increase, thus there is a higher melting and boiling point
In summary, a homologous series is a group of organic compounds that:
contain the same functional group,
have the same general formula,
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have similar chemical properties,
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Hydrocarbons: compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen only
-make good fuels
-react with oxygen in exothermic reactions
-produce carbon dioxide and water
-ALKANES
-each successive alkane differs by an CH2
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TOPIC 20.3
CONFORMATIONAL ISOMERS
You can rotate about their single bond to create a different molecule (the group is on a different plane)
-low and high energy
low energy: on a different plane (electron clouds far away)
high energy: on the same plane (electron clouds overlap)
easy to convert as you can rotate
staggered and elipse
takes place on a carbon-carbon single sigma bond
CONFIGURATIONAL ISOMERS
E/Z
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Look at the two double bonded carbons
on each carbon, see which atom has highest atomic numer
if on bothh chlorines, the highest number is on the same plane it is Z
If it is on different planes, it is E
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Cis/trans
Presence of double bond prevents from converting one to another
if they across from each other it is tans
if they are on the same plane it is cis
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OPTICAL ISOMERS
Occur in chiral/asymmetric molecules
asymmetric carbon atom: a carbon atom which is bonded to four different grops or atoms
They are superimposible (once mirrored, cannot be overlapped)
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diasteromers: molecules that ahve more than one chiral carbon and thus have multiple optical isomers
TOPIC 10.2
ALKANES
Saturated hydrocarbons
-contain carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen single bonds
unsaturated= double bonds
Relatively unreactive
-C-H bonds are non-polar (small electronegativity)
-both types of bonds are covalent and strong
-they sre kinetically stable
Make good fuels
-burn in oxygen in exothermic reactions
-complete and incomplete combustion depends on oxygen availble
-complete=h2o +co2
-incomplete=yellow/orange flame
-incomplete=CO+h20+solid carbon
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ALKENES
They are unsaturated hydrocarbons
trigonal planar with bond angle 120°
the double bonds mean they are more reactive
-double covalent bonds are made up of two shared pairs of electron, 4 electrons
-this is a high electron density
Due to their double bond they undergo addition reactions
Addition reactions**: two smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule
-occur in alkenes due the presence of carbon-carbon double bond
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