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Henry Jenkins (2006):, Authorship, Commercial intertextuality:,…
Henry Jenkins (2006):
- Jenkins also states that television consumption has become a more networked or communal practice instead of a personal or individual practice.
- Furthermore he argues that grassroots and corporate media will intersect and their producers will be working together.
- Additionally, Jenkins believes that fans and audiences should look for opportunities to help television develop in the future.
Critical Utopianism
Pierre Lévy
Collective intelligence
Marshall Sella
Sella states that with the emergence of the Internet, there are many opportunities for interactivity in the television industry.
Collective intelligence means the flow or distribution of skills and knowledge within or between industries. The main goal is to develop and have a richer understanding of, in this case, technology.
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Critical pessimism
Critical pessimists focus primarily on the negative sides of participatory culture and tend to focus more on the obstacles rather than the solutions to achieving a more democratic society.
Mark Crispin Miller, Noam Chomsky and Robert McChesney
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Convergence culture
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Convergence culture has to do with the flow from content across multiple media platforms or channels.
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Newmand and Levine investigate the way cultural legitimation plays a role within the convergence era
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Particapatory culture
Affective intelligence
Affective intelligence is the emotional investment and involvement of audiences concerning political or cultural matters.
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Henry Jenkins argues that there is a shift occurring in the activity of watching and consuming television.
Transmedia storytelling
Transmedia storytelling means the dispersion of integral elements of a fiction across multiple media platforms to create a coherent story. Ideally, each medium should add a unique element to the story as a whole.
Additive comprehension
Each element should be accessible on its own. The new information that the audience receives should force them to revise the whole again.
Commercial intertextuality is a phenomenon where texts such as TV series are connected to paratexts such as games. The way commercial intertextuality gets used is up for debate. This debate is between the political economists and the culturalists. Hardy does not take any particular position in this debate, but rather sets out why it is important to take both positions into consideration
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- According to Jenkins the audience has changed into a more active audience instead of the passive audience it used to be. This means that a change will occur in the interaction between the media consumers and the media producers and the power they both have.
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Critical pessimists think of convergence as a way to exploit consumers or smaller producers for their own benefit.
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Lessig believes that the rules on, among other things, copyright should be reviewed because the way it is currently regulated can lead to creative freedom being jeopardised.
Henry Jenkins can be seen as a culturalist whereas he has a rather positive look on creative freedom and fan participation.
P2P networks are detrimental to the producers, because it means that there is less profit to be made. However, it has a positive influence on the breaking down of transnational and political borders.
Due to file sharing the cultural status of television shifts from a low and disreputable status to a more legitimated status.
File sharing is also an example of convergence culture. File sharers circulate media texts across different platforms.
Localisation means that formats are adapted to local characteristics in order to fit better into the national identity. Cultural barriers can thus be crossed.
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Van Keulen and Krijnen argue that localization is not necessarily a result of the wishes of the producers, but is often driven by inevitable elements such as the weather that need to be taken into account when producing a show.
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According to van Zoonen ‘’television is extremely capable of creating short- and long-lived fan communities.’’ It can help to create emotional ties to between the electorates and the candidates. However, television is not necessarily beneficial in terms of informing the audience.
A shift from individual to collective has occurred and collective intelligence could be one of the reasons for the change in the way we watch and consume television.