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Latinx Health Disparities - Coggle Diagram
Latinx Health Disparities
Mexican Return Migration and Health Selection
Mexican immigrants report better health outcomes than U.S.-born individuals. Might be attributable to "salmon bias" - selective return migration among less healthy migrants. Study explores this.
Results
Mexican-born persons who remain in the U.S. report worse health, more chronic conditions, and higher rates of health care usage than voluntary return migrants or those who were deported. Deported migrants report lower levels of mental health. Stayers (males) have greater access to health care. Suggestions that health and deportation is even stronger than that for voluntary returns.
Healthier Mexican migrants are more likely to return to their country of origin than remain in the U.S.
Voluntary and deported migrants are less likely to report poorer overall health or chronic conditions which is contrary to the salmon bias hypothesis. Could be due to differences in access to health care, rather than true differences in health
Study mainly focuses on mexican-born males. Excludes females, LGBTQ+, transpersons, etc.
The mortality slope for foreign-born Mexicans is less steep compared with other foreign-born Hispanics at older ages.
Foreign-born Hispanics who return to their country of origin experience higher mortality rates than those who remain in the U.S.
Mechanisms of return migration
Medical returns, diminished labor supply/earnings, preferences for family reunification
Mexican immigrants living in U.S. less likely to visit a physician than native-born Mexicans or whites. Especially undocumented persons. Recent adoption of universal healthcare in Mexico.
In the event that less-health migrants experience unemployment, the economic incentives for remaining in the U.S. are likely to decline.
Some researchers have found that unhealthy migrants are more likely to return to reunite with family for more support or inexpensive care.
Deportation
Overlooked in the salmon bias hypothesis which is problematic as deportations increase. Unhealthy latinx immigrants may be more likely to experience forced removal.
Health is Political: Advocacy and Mobilization for Latinx Health
The introduction of the social determinants of health framework by the WHO may have contributes to the misconception that issues with the health of latinx communities are understood and being successfully addressed
Attention to these issues has remained in academic circles and theory and has not focused on the existing structural inequities.
Politics and Health
Health is political because "under a neoliberal economic system some social groups... have fewer economic social resources than others".
Latinx persons in U.S have poorer health because they have less power in politics and say in economic and social systems. Author argues that to change this, their lack of power needs to be understood and addressed.
Health Disparities
Health inequities result from not changing the critical and modifiable social determinants of health that produce negative outcomes. Because health is political, health is influenced by ideologies, and those with power have greater likelihood to influence how health is prioritized, defined, measured, and experienced.
Attention to the social determinants of Health
Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, play live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life.
Three recommendations made by WHO to reduce health inequalities:
Improve daily living conditions.
Tackle the inequitable distribution of power, money and resources
Measure and understand the problem and assess the impact of action
Leadership is essential and political agency is critical to improve the health outcomes of Latinx in America.
Health Advocacy: 1. the protection of vulnerable populations and 2. empowerment of disadvantaged populations
Health advocacy should be a fundamental tool in strategies intended to support empowerment of vulnerable groups.
Community mobilization
reaching different sectors of a community and building partnerships to address public health issues. Requires stakeholders.