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Diarrhoea - Coggle Diagram

- - - - faecal exam for salmonella or clostridium
        
        PCR for salmonella, rotavirus, lawsonia intracellular, coronavirus
        
        ELISA for toxins associated with C difficile and C perfringens
      - haemoconcentration, neutropenia on haemotology
      - biochemistry
        
        hypoproteinaemia
        
        electrolyte and acid base imbalances
    - - discontinue antibiotic therapy
        
        if required, use an alternate administrative route
      - maintenance of fluid, electrolyte and acid base balance
      - plasma will be required in severe cases with marked hypoproteinaemia
      - oral gastrointestinal protectants, kaolin, Nsaids and good nursing care
      - oral probiotic preparations
      - continue monitoring backed with clinopathological data
- - - - mild self limiting diarrhoea seen in many foals 5-14d
      - physiological diarrhoea associated with development of GI tract
      - clinical signs
        
        soft to watery, non-fetid diarrhoea
        
        foal bright and continues to nurse
        
        self-limiting
        
        clinical exam unremarkable, except loose/watery faeces
        
        in a small number may be profuse and prolonged or resolve/recur
      - probiotics and antidiarrhoeal e.g. pepto-bismol (1-2mg/kg BID) or charcoal or kaolin based products can be administer but condition self limiting
      - ddx: nutritional diarrhoea, diarrhoea associated with septicaemia, infectious, parasitic, intestinal dysfunction or partial obstruction
      - if diarrhoea prolonged (more than 3-4d) further evaluation and investigation necessary
        
        anti-ulcer med, intestinal protectants, antibiotics and fluid therapy
  - - - strongyles vulgaris
      - cyathostomins
    - - Lawsonia intracellularis
    - - strongyles westeri
- - - - IBD
    - - lymphoma
- - - - depression
      - tachycardia
      - tachypnoea
      - fever
      - colic
      - diarrhoea
      - hyperaemic toxic mm
    - - usually low white cell count, neutropenia, immature band neutrophils
      - PCV and total protein will be elevated due to dehydration
      - electrolyte abnormalities common
      - metabolic acidosis
        
        bicarbonate loss into colon and lactic acidosis
      - evidence of DIC
        
        plasma d-dimers, thrombocytopenia, increased fibrinogen, increased FDPs, prolonged PTT, PT
      - Hypoproteinaemia
    - - polymyxin B
      - hyperimmune plasma
      - pentoxyfilline
      - flunixin