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HARDWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEMS - Coggle Diagram
HARDWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEMS
Computer Lenguage and Function
When we comunnicate or memorise a sentence or make calculations, we use a lot of different symbols and images. Computers only use the numbers 0 and 1.This is know as a binary system.The smallest unit of information that we can store on a computer(0 or 1) is called a bit (b), which is an abbreviation for binary digit.
ASCII:We give a code to each of the letters of the alphabet, and to the characters computers use, so that we can store them.These codes consist of the figures 1 and 9.
COMPUTER FUNCTIONS
We use the name hardware for the physical components of the computer system that we use and those we can touch and move, like the mouse and the keyboard.Software or programs refer to the data and the instructions we use to manage that data.
Computers carry out different functions
Input of a data using pheriferial devies.
Storing data in the storage devices.
Output of data using peripherial devices.
Processing data in the central processing unit CPU, using the microprocessor and the memory.
COMPUTER LENGUAGE
COMPUTER ELEMENTS
Microprocessor:Computer history is very closely linked to the developement of integrated circuits or chips.The microprocessor is an integrated circuit made up of millions of tiny transitors working together to process the instructions and date recived from the memory.
The clock rate sets at which processes are completed.The clock continously generates electrical impulses.Every time the microprocessor receives and impulse, it carries out an operation.A 4 GHz microprocessor recives 4 billion impulses every second.Today microprocessors can process 64 bits at a time.A microprocessors power also depends on its cache memory and the speed at which it communicates with the RAM
MEMORY AND UNITS OF STORAGE
ROM BIOS: When you turn on your computer, it automatically checks the system.The initial check is carried out using instructions stored in a special read-only memory the ROM BIOS.If everything is correct,the BIOS starts the operatong systems in the main memory, so that this system can take control of the computer.
CACHE memory:RAM cannot work at the same speed as the microprocessor, so as much faster memory is installed between the RAM and the microprocessors: the cache memory.The cache memory stores data that the microprocessors use most often.
Storage devices:The RAM stores data temporaly.When you turn off the computer, this data dissappears.We use data storage units to permanently save this data.
RAM:The computers main memory is its RAM(random access memory). When we run an application, its instructions and data are copied to this memory so that the microprocessor can use them.
MOTHERBOARD AND CONNECTING DEVICES
The motherboard isn like a miniature city.The different components are the buildings, and the bits travel down the streets from block to block. The communication between these components takes place thorugh sets of copper wires called buses.
In addition to the microprocessor and memory, the motherboard also includes the following components.
Slots that can be used to expand or add new components, such as a modem, sound card, network card and so on.These slots can be PCI (peripherial component interconnect) or PCI-Express.
The IDE (integrated devid electronics) or ATA (advanced technology attachment) and SATA (serial ATA) connectors connect the hard disk.CD drive and DVD drive to the motherboard.
The chipset is a number of integrated circuits designed to perform related functions; they control the flow of bits to and from motherboard.They also determine which type of microprocessor, memory and expansion cards we can use.Varius input/output ports.
CONNECTING EXTERNAL DEVICE
We can physicallly connect devices to the computer in different ways.
Using an expansion slot on the motherboard, to connect a sound card or a graphics card,for example.
By special connectors on the motherboard, for such devices as the hard disk,DVD drives and so on.
Using the external ports on the side or back of the computer for example, the USB port.
SOFTWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEMS
Operating systems :Manages fthe system resources, making them available for use by the user and applications.
Applications.Varius types:
Presentations:Power point, impress
Database management tools:Acess, Base
Spreadsheets:Excel, Cale
Drawing programs:Paint, Paint Shop Pro, Draw.
Word processors:Word,Writer.
Progamming languages.These programs can be used to create other programs and applications
The operating system:The operating system is the first thing that appears when you turn orn your computer and the last thing you see when you re turning it off.Different computers can have a different types of software, but they all need a operating system.The operating systems provides a working environment that makes it easy to access all the various applications, find information about different elements of the computer and to manage the files and folders.The most used operating systems ar Windows, Linux and MAC OS.
Functions of the operating systems.Manage the microprocessor:If several applications are open at the same time, the operating system calculates how much time the microprocessor should give to each one.
Manages the memory and storages systems, making space available for the different applications
Provides an interface or working enviroment for the user.
Allows communications between applications and peripherial devices.
WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEMS.
Installing and unistalling progams.If you buy the program from a shop, it will be on one or more CDs or DVDs.However, nowdays more and more people are buying all sorts of programs on the Internet.We can installl programs using installation wizard that guides us trough the process. A sample installation process is described in the procedures section of this unit.The agregar o quitar programas tool is a very useful for adding and removing programs.
Hard disk mainteance.Cleaning the hard disk.Over time, your computer accumulates unnecessary programs and files.You can clean your disk and delete these programs and files using the tool.Libedador de espacio en disco.
Defragmenting the hard disk:The hard disk stores files in small blocks.Over time, the contents of a file can be dispersed over many different blocks,so accessing them is slow.The defragmenter puts these blocks in order.
Detecting and repairing errors:Its important to check the hard disk ocasionally.We can check for errors by right-clicking on the hard disk and selecting the properties option.Propiedades.A dialogue box willl then appear.
Saving power:Its specially important to select the right power options for laptops.To do this, click on Panel de control-Opciones de energia.You can tell your computer the automatic updates tool.
System updates:Operating systems are constantly being update.There are two ways in which we can do this.Through Inicio-Programas-Windows update.This takes you to microsoft webpage where you can select updates.
By activating the automatic updates tool.
LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM.
Installing and unistalling programs:Linux uses two package managers to help the user automatically install applications downloaded from the internet
COMPUTER NETWORKS
A computer network iis a set of computers to each other so that they can share resources and exchange information
Metropolitan area networks, made up of several LANs
Wide area networks, covering a country or continent
Local area networks or LANs
Elements in a network:all computers have a logical component, which is an operating system and applications that work on a network, and a physical component conecting the different computer to each other.
Each computer needs an adaptor or network card to send information to the other computers and recive information back.
The hub distributes all of the information it recives between the other computers in the network.It can be replaced with a switch, which send the data it recives only to the recipent.
This information travels down a transmission medium, normally a cable similar to a telephone wire with an R145 connector on the end.Coaxial and fibre optic cable are also used.
Wireless networks:Wireless networks knows as WLANs use the eletrocmagnetic waves to transmit data.All computers need to have wireless network card.Networks with a combination of wired and wireless devices use wireless access points,that we can transmit data through wires or electromagnetic waves.
Shared internet access:Computers in a network can share a single internet connection.Computer networks can connect to the internet in two ways:
Using internet connection sharing where all communications is trough one computer that must be switched on all time.
Using a router which detects data and directs it to and from the internet
Sharing resources in windows:With a shared printer you can print documents from any computer in the network.To open the printers