Definitions
Intelligence Tests
Learning Styles: Defined as consistent PREFERENCE over time and subject matter for perceiving, thinking about, and organizing information in a particular way
Nature vs Nurture
Contemporary Views
Impulsivity vs. Reflectivity
Field Dependence vs Field Independence
Mental Self Government Style by Sternberg
Impulsivity
Fast conceptual tempo
Responds quickly
Collects less information
Reflectivity
Does things less systematically
Gives less thought
Spends more time thinking
Gathers more information
Functions of governments of the mind
Forms of mental self-government
Scope: stylistic variables
Legislative - creating, planning, imagining, and formulating
Executive - implementing and doing.
Judicial - judging, evaluating, and comparing
Monarchic – These people perform best when goals are singular. They deal best with one goal or need at a time.
Hierarchic - These people can focus on multiple goals at once and recognize that all goals cannot be fulfilled equally. These people can prioritize goals easily
Oligarchic – These people deal well with goals that are of equal weight, but they have difficulty prioritizing goals of different weight
Anarchic – These people depart from form and precedent. Often they don't like or understand the need for rules and regulations. They operate without rules or structure, creating their own problem-solving techniques with insights that often easily break existing mindsets
Internal – Like to be by themselves
External – Like to collaborate and work in groups
Field Dependence
Field Independence
Takes notes similar to the teacher’s
Personal and likes to spend time with people
Understands attitudes and behaviors
Looks at faces
Notes reflect own ideas
Analyzes stories
Successful in subject area such as science
Can isolate target information
Weschler: the global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment
Spearman General intelligence: The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
Howard Gardner: A biophysical potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in culture
Nickerson: The ability to learn, to reason well, to solve novel problems, and to deal with them
Psychometric perspective: the use of broad mental abilities to successfully respond to various types of test items (performance/age)
Robert Sternberg
Triarchic Theory 3 intelligences
Analytical
Creative
Practical
Analyze
Critique
Evaluate
Discover
Invent
Create
Supposing
Apply
Utilize
Implement
Memory ability underlines all of them
When students are taught according to their ability, they learn more
Each area can be improved upon
5 components of creativity
Expertise
Imaginative thinking
Adventuresome personality
Intrinsic Motivation
Creative environment
David Wechsler
IQ Tests
Scales :
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (7 to 16)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (16 and up)
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (3 to 7)
Each test is divided into verbal and performance sections
Verbal Section
Performance section
Comprehension
Arithmetic
Information
Similarities
Vocabulary
Digit spans
Letter # sequences
Picture completion
Animal house
Animal house retest
Block design
Mazes
Geometric design
Can practice at home
Not Knowledge based but skill based
Intelligence takes into account behavior relating to other settings and characteristics
Howard Gardner
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Logical-Mathematical: Sensitivity to, and capacity to discern, logical or numerical patterns; ability to handle long chains of reasoning
Musical: Abilities to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch, and timbre; appreciation of the forms of musical expression
Spatial: Capacities to perceive the visual-spatial world accurately and to perform transformations on one’s initial perceptions
Bodily-kinesthetic: Abilities to control one’s body movements and handle objects skillfully
Interpersonal: Capacities to discern and respond appropriately to the moods, temperaments, motivations, and desires of other people
Linguistic: Sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words; sensitivity to the different functions of language
Intrapersonal: Access to one’s own feelings and the ability to discriminate among them and draw on them to guide behavior; knowledge of one’s own strengths, weaknesses, desires, and intelligences
Naturalist: Ability to recognize and classify the numerous plants and animals of one’s environment and their relationships on a logical, justifiable basis; talent of caring for, taming, and interacting with various living creatures
Misconceptions
A person who has a strength in a particular intelligence will excel on all tasks within that domain
o Ability is destiny
Every child should be taught every subject in 8 different ways to develop all of the intelligences
Carol Dweck Mindset Theory
Growth Mindset
Fixed Mindset
Not afraid to take risks
Accepts criticism
Wants to learn
Believes they can grow
Failure is part of learning
Afraid to take risks
Takes criticism personally
Takes the easy way
Feels pressured by peers that succeed
People are capable of changing mindsets
Alfred Binet
Created first Intelligence test
Memory
Attention
Comprehension
Discrimination
Reasoning
Created test to see which students needed extra support
Wanted intelligence tests to be used to promote growth through identifying challenging areas
Believed people could grow
Revised later by Lewis Truman and became extremely popular
William Stern
Created the global term IQ=Intelligence quotient= (mental age/ actual age) x 100
Nurture plays a larger part in academic success
Environment impacts children more than adults
Gender Bias: consistent differences in responses to male and female students when there is no sound educational reason for them
Men outscore Women on these tests
Visual-spatial ability
Mathematical reasoning
College entrance exams
Women outscore men on these tests
Memory
Language use
Women typically have higher GPAs
Men typically score higher on tests
Affect
Course Selection
Boys took higher level math classes
Girls took biology and chemistry
Boys took physics and engineering
Career
Higher percentage of men in math and science oriented professions
Surveying
Biology
Computer analysis
Higher percentage of women in non-math and non-science fields
Education
Counseling
Public relations
Class Participation
Loss of voice: when people say they have no opinion or what they think others want to hear
Each gender are less likely to speak their minds around the opposite gender, parents and teachers
Equal # of males and females report suppressing their thoughts in certain circumstances
Frequent encouragement will lead to people expressing their minds