Definitions

Intelligence Tests

Learning Styles: Defined as consistent PREFERENCE over time and subject matter for perceiving, thinking about, and organizing information in a particular way

Nature vs Nurture

Contemporary Views

Impulsivity vs. Reflectivity

Field Dependence vs Field Independence

Mental Self Government Style by Sternberg

Impulsivity

Fast conceptual tempo

Responds quickly

Collects less information

Reflectivity

Does things less systematically

Gives less thought

Spends more time thinking


Gathers more information

Functions of governments of the mind

Forms of mental self-government

Scope: stylistic variables

Legislative - creating, planning, imagining, and formulating

Executive - implementing and doing.

Judicial - judging, evaluating, and comparing

Monarchic – These people perform best when goals are singular. They deal best with one goal or need at a time.

Hierarchic - These people can focus on multiple goals at once and recognize that all goals cannot be fulfilled equally. These people can prioritize goals easily

Oligarchic – These people deal well with goals that are of equal weight, but they have difficulty prioritizing goals of different weight

Anarchic – These people depart from form and precedent. Often they don't like or understand the need for rules and regulations. They operate without rules or structure, creating their own problem-solving techniques with insights that often easily break existing mindsets

Internal – Like to be by themselves

External – Like to collaborate and work in groups

Field Dependence

Field Independence

Takes notes similar to the teacher’s

Personal and likes to spend time with people

Understands attitudes and behaviors

Looks at faces

Notes reflect own ideas

Analyzes stories

Successful in subject area such as science

Can isolate target information

Weschler: the global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment

Spearman General intelligence: The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Howard Gardner: A biophysical potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in culture

Nickerson: The ability to learn, to reason well, to solve novel problems, and to deal with them

Psychometric perspective: the use of broad mental abilities to successfully respond to various types of test items (performance/age)

Robert Sternberg

Triarchic Theory 3 intelligences

Analytical

Creative

Practical

Analyze

Critique

Evaluate

Discover

Invent

Create

Supposing

Apply

Utilize

Implement

Memory ability underlines all of them

When students are taught according to their ability, they learn more

Each area can be improved upon

5 components of creativity

Expertise

Imaginative thinking

Adventuresome personality

Intrinsic Motivation

Creative environment

David Wechsler

IQ Tests

Scales :

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (7 to 16)

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (16 and up)

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (3 to 7)

Each test is divided into verbal and performance sections

Verbal Section

Performance section

Comprehension

Arithmetic

Information

Similarities

Vocabulary

Digit spans

Letter # sequences

Picture completion

Animal house

Animal house retest

Block design

Mazes

Geometric design

Can practice at home

Not Knowledge based but skill based

Intelligence takes into account behavior relating to other settings and characteristics

Howard Gardner

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Logical-Mathematical: Sensitivity to, and capacity to discern, logical or numerical patterns; ability to handle long chains of reasoning

Musical: Abilities to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch, and timbre; appreciation of the forms of musical expression

Spatial: Capacities to perceive the visual-spatial world accurately and to perform transformations on one’s initial perceptions

Bodily-kinesthetic: Abilities to control one’s body movements and handle objects skillfully

Interpersonal: Capacities to discern and respond appropriately to the moods, temperaments, motivations, and desires of other people

Linguistic: Sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words; sensitivity to the different functions of language

Intrapersonal: Access to one’s own feelings and the ability to discriminate among them and draw on them to guide behavior; knowledge of one’s own strengths, weaknesses, desires, and intelligences

Naturalist: Ability to recognize and classify the numerous plants and animals of one’s environment and their relationships on a logical, justifiable basis; talent of caring for, taming, and interacting with various living creatures

Misconceptions

A person who has a strength in a particular intelligence will excel on all tasks within that domain

o Ability is destiny

Every child should be taught every subject in 8 different ways to develop all of the intelligences

Carol Dweck Mindset Theory

Growth Mindset

Fixed Mindset

Not afraid to take risks

Accepts criticism

Wants to learn

Believes they can grow

Failure is part of learning

Afraid to take risks

Takes criticism personally

Takes the easy way

Feels pressured by peers that succeed

People are capable of changing mindsets

Alfred Binet

Created first Intelligence test

Memory

Attention

Comprehension

Discrimination

Reasoning

Created test to see which students needed extra support

Wanted intelligence tests to be used to promote growth through identifying challenging areas

Believed people could grow

Revised later by Lewis Truman and became extremely popular

William Stern

Created the global term IQ=Intelligence quotient= (mental age/ actual age) x 100

twin iq graph

Nurture plays a larger part in academic success

Environment impacts children more than adults

Gender Bias: consistent differences in responses to male and female students when there is no sound educational reason for them

Men outscore Women on these tests

Visual-spatial ability

Mathematical reasoning

College entrance exams

Women outscore men on these tests

Memory

Language use

Women typically have higher GPAs
Men typically score higher on tests

Affect

Course Selection

Boys took higher level math classes

Girls took biology and chemistry

Boys took physics and engineering

Career

Higher percentage of men in math and science oriented professions

Surveying

Biology

Computer analysis

Higher percentage of women in non-math and non-science fields

Education

Counseling

Public relations

Class Participation

Loss of voice: when people say they have no opinion or what they think others want to hear

Each gender are less likely to speak their minds around the opposite gender, parents and teachers

Equal # of males and females report suppressing their thoughts in certain circumstances

Frequent encouragement will lead to people expressing their minds

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