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Observations - Coggle Diagram
Observations
Gas tests
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Carbon dioxide
Bubble the gas through thw limewater (Calcium hydroxide,aq)
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Flame tests
To carry out the flame test dip a clean wire loop into a solid sample of th ecompound being tested, then put the loops into the edge of the blue flame from a bunsen burner. Then you observe the clour of the flame produced. However sometimes if a mixture of ions is present, some of the flames colours may not be clearly visible.
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Calcium, Ca2+ - Orange-red
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Sodium hydroxide tests
Dilutet sodium hydroxide solution is used in tests for some metal ions, which form metal hydroxides that are insolublee. This means that the metal hydroxides appear as precipitates.
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Distinguishing between aluminium ions, calcium ions and magnesium ions
A few drops of dilute sodium hydroxide solution react to form a white precipitate with aluminium ions, calcium ions and magnesium ions. However, if the excess sodium hydroxide solution is added:
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Silver nitrate tests
Halide ions
Add the dilute nitric acid, followed by silver nitrate solution to get the precipitate colour
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Barium chloride tests
Sulphate ions
Add dilute hydrochloric acid, followed by barium chloride solution
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