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38.ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE... - Coggle Diagram
38.ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE...
1. ENGLISH AS A "LINGUA FRANCA": REASON
1.3 In the economic sphere
More than 50% of the international business is done in English
1.4 In the cultural and informative fields
Prestige of the BBC and the presence of Eng has not been challenged.
1.2 In the political field
English is the language of the most important world institutions: UNO, UNESCO...
1.5 In the scientific and tech fields
More than 2/3 of research is carried out in Eng
1.1 Number of speakers
More than 400 million people have it as their mother tongue and other 600 million people have English as second official language. + language as a foreign language must be added
In the linguistic fields
The number of borrowings from Eng into all the world languages
3. ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECH
3.1 Characteristics of EST
Grammatical characteristics
It must be
accurate
Stative verbs
Modal verbs
Passive Constructions
Present Simple
Connectors
Specific vocabulary
Obvious that technical vocabulary is rarely used in General English, and it is important to know their meaning to understand the whole subject
Rhetorical functions
Foundation of the rhetorical approach to the analysis of EST discourse. 4 rhetorical functions that occur most frequently: description, definition, classification and instructions
3.2 How to teach a science and tech course
The teacher
First problem to solve is the choice of the right teacher. He or she should understand the students' linguistic problem
The materials
Textbooks
Used alone do not provide adequate practice in the skills
Listenings
Realistic recordings, full-length lectures and pick up the most important points
Reading
Reinforce and expand their knowledge of the chosen subject
St should deal with authentic reading and listening materials
4. COMMERCIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ENGLISH
4.1 Course design
For present employees
Start by consolidating the previous knowledge
Correcting main errors
Realistic practice: diagrams, charts, sales figures...
Commercial Eng: oral skills
Administrative Eng: concentrate on writing and reading
For future employees
More problematical
Global trainning in the basic skills of business Eng
Realistic practice
4.2 Materials
Specialised vocabulary
Not a problem
It should be taught by means of a programmed instruction for private study
Letter-writting
One of the most important skills to develop and students should become familier with the diff styles and rules btw Eng and Spn business letters
Listening material
Essential skill for businessmen
Use recodring with fairly fast and direct speech with background noise and no visual aid
2. ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES "ESP"
2.1 Kinds of specific purposes
AIr Traffic Controller
Needs Eng to guide aircraft through the skies
Science and Technology
The Eng these people need to learn is different, not only the vocabulary but also the skills.
Academic Purposes
If a students wishes to follow a course at an Eng University, he will also need the Eng related to his field of studies.
2.2. Identifying students' needs and setting objectives
Setting the Obj
Teacher ask himself what it is that the student should be able to do after the course that he could not do at the beginning.
The four macro-skills
Objectives must have a close relationship with the four macro-skills
Learner's level of competence
Krashen's hypothesis states that the input should be a little higher than their level of competence