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Attachment - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Separation Anxiety
        
        Distressed when mother Leaves
      - Stranger Anxiety
        
        Avoidant of stranger when alone, but friendly when mother is present
      - Reunion Behaviour
        
        Positive and Happy when mother Returns
    - - Separation Anxiety
        
        Intense distress when mother leaves
      - Stranger anxiety
        
        Infants avoids stranger - shows fear of stranger
      - Reunion Behaviour
        
        Infant approaches mother, but resists contact
    - - Separation Anxiety
        
        No sign of distress when mother leaves
      - Stranger Anxiety
        
        Infant is okay with stranger and plays normally when stranger is present
      - Reunion Behaviour
        
        Infant shows little interest when the mother returns
  - - - Lacks Population Validity - only American infants
      - Low ecological Validity - artificial setting and task
    - - Replicable - standardised methodology increases reliability
- - - - Fathers with the main caregiver role adopt behaviours typical of mothers
        
        It is not the gender of the parent, rather the level of responsiveness
- - - - Procedure
        
        Opportunity Sample of 88 children attending a clinic.
        
        Group 1 - Thief group (stealing)
        
        Group 2 - Control group (emotional problems)
        
        Children and Parents interviewed about early life experiences
      - Findings
        
        14 of the children from the thief group were identifed as affectionless psychopaths
        
        12 of those had experienced prolonged separation of more than 6 months from their mothers in their first 2 years of life
        
        Only 5 of the 30 children not identified as affectionless psychopaths had experienced separations
        
        Out of the 44 children in the control group, only 2 had experienced prolonged separations and none of them were affectionless psychopaths
  - - - Supported by Harlow's Monkey Research
        
        Monkeys never formed an attachment and grew up to be aggressive
      - Applications into Foster Homes
    - - Ignores the difference between Privation and Deprivation
        
        Privation - complete lack of attachment bond
        
        Deprivation - attachment bond disrupted
      - Ignores the influence of social factors. Deprivation can be avoided if there is good enough emotional care
- - - - Studied Romanian orphans who had been placed in orphanages aged 1-2 weeks old with minimal adult contact
      - Longitudinal, natural experiment
      - 100 orphans and assessed at ages 4, 6 and 11 then again 21 years later
    - - Adopted by British Families before 6 months
        
        Showed 'normal' emotional development compared with UK children adopted at the same age
      - Adopted after 6 months
        
        Disinhibited Attachments
        
        Where children don't discriminate between the people they chose as attachment figures
        
        Problems with peers
    - - Long-term consequences may be less severe if the children are given the opportunity to form attachments
    - - Weaknesses
        
        Self-report method is unreliable in discovering accurate insights into the experiences of institutionalised children
      - Ecological Validity
        
        The longitudinal study meant it did not take place in a lab, so is likely high in ecological validity
- - - - A diary was kept by the mother to examine evidence for the development of an attachment
        
        Measures Recorded:
        
        Stranger Anxiety
        
        Separation Anxiety
        
        Secure base behaviours
    - - Asocial 0-6weeks
      - Indiscriminate 6weeks-7months
      - Specific Attachment (7-9months)
      - Multiple Attachment (10months+)
        
        By 18 months, 31% of babies had five or more attachments
    - - Weaknesses
        
        Low Population Validity - infants all came from Glasgow and working class families
        
        Small Sample size
        
        Unreliable self-report method - diaries can be inaccurate due to demand characteristics and social desirability bias
        
        Lacks temporal Validity
        
        Study conducted in the 1960s so culture is different now
- - - - Secure attachment
        
        Most Common (70%)
        
        Lowest % - China
        
        Highest % - Great Britain
      - Insecure Avoidant
        
        Highest % - Germany
      - Insecure Resistant
        
        Highest % Japan
    - - Weaknesses
        
        Biased samples that cannot claim to be representative of the culture
        
        Only 36 infants used in the China study
        
        Created and Tested in the USA, which means that it may be ethnocentric and should not be used in other cultures.
        
        Variation of Attachments within cultures
- - - - Behaviour of the infant's primary attachment figure promotes an internal working model of relationships which the infant expects the same in
        
        Childhood relationships
        
        Secure attachment style should be more confident in interactions with friends
        
        Research Support
        
        Participants from infancy to late adolescence, found continuity between early attachment and later emotional/social behaviour
        
        Children with a secure attachment type are more populat at nursery and engate more in social interactions with other children
        
        Adult Relationships
        
        Parenting style can mirror the parenting style of their own parents
        
        Research Support
        
        Majority of Women had the same attachment classification both to their babies and their own mothers
        
        Romantic Relationships
        
        Adult relationships are likely to reflect early attachment style
        
        Research Support
        
        Securely attached as infants tended to have long lasting relationships.
        
        Challenge
        
        Assumes that people who are insecurely attached as children will become insecurely attached as adults and have poor quality adult relationships
      - Continuity Hypothesis
        
        There is consistency between early emotional experiences and later relationships
      - Bowlby sees attachment as monotropic
        
        Infants have an innate tendency to form an attachment to one particular person
        
        This attachment is intense and qualitatively different to all other attachments