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Menstrual Cycle Feedback Mechanisms …
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"Hormone antagonists and hormone receptor antagonists are hormones or other molecules that block the action of hormones and are used by the body to control the action of hormones. They are molecules that mimic hormones and/or bind to hormone receptors, but have no effect." (CK-12, n.d.).
Antagonist Hormone
Antiestrogens or selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are a class of drugs that can mimic or interfere with the actions of estrogen. They inhibit estrogen production and/or block the estrogen receptor (ER). Each SERM has its own side effects, and it is not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women to take it.
E.g. Clomiphene
- Works similarly to estrogen by stimulating the pituitary gland (via the hypothalamus) to release FSH and LH, which leads to development of an ovarian follicle
- Used to treat infertility
E.g. Tamoxifen
- As a part of endocrine therapy, tamoxifen can be used to treat/help reduce risk of some types of breast cancer
- Particularly, tamoxifen can help treat estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive) breast cancer, which is when the cancer cells have estrogen receptors like normal breast cells. When estrogen binds to these receptors, the cancerous cells grow.
E.g. Raloxifene
- Can mimic estrogen's beneficial effects on bone density; consequently, it can be used to treat osteoporosis
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When estrogen and progesterone levels rise, they inhibit the pituitary gland (via the hypothalamus) to release LH and stop releasing FSH.
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The follicles in the ovary releases estrogen, thickening the lining of the uterus.
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Estrogen, via the hypothalamus, stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete more FSH/LH. This causes a rapid increase in the production of estrogen in the ovaries, leading to ovulation.
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