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Unit1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology - Coggle Diagram
Unit1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology
Theoretical Approaches in Psychology
History
ps
structuralism
: focus on structure of brain. Use introspection to reveal the brain structure,
Wilhelm Wundt: establish the first psychology lab
Edward Bradford Titchener: Wilhelm Wundt's student
functionalism
:focus on structure's function in brain.
Study on how our mental and behavioral function can help us, and why each strutcture has that function
William James,
Mary Whiton Calkins
: first woman to be president of the American Psychological Association (APA).
Margaret Floy Washburn
: first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D
experimental psychologists:
organization which explore behavior and thinking with experiments
behaviorism
: believe that our behaviorism can be influenced by environment
humanistic psychology
: ways that current environmental influences can nurture or limit our growth potential, and to the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied
Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow
Cognitive neuroscience
: study of the brain activity linked with cognition
Freudian psychology
: emphasis unconsiouness and childhood
Psychological Approaches
biopsychosocial approach
seven perspectives
cognitive
evolutionary
sociocultural
Biological
behaivioral
humanistic
psychological
biopsychosocial
Scientific foundation of psychology
research method
:pencil2: :fountain_pen: :pen:
Descriptive
: :pencil2: To observe and record behavior
case studies, naturalistic observations, or surveys
Correlational
: :recycle: To detect naturally occurring relationships;
to assess how well one variable predicts another
correlation coefficient: present how strong two variables are
scatterplots
less related, less dots come together.
more related, more dots come together.
Experimental
: :silhouettes: To explore cause and effect
variable
dependent variable:
change depends one independent variables
independent variable:
variables that changes by themselves
confounding variable:
other variables
sampling
random
sampling
: randomly choose people from population, each people has equal chance
ramdom
assienment
: participants are assigned to each experimental group with an equal chance
characteristic
manipulate The independent variable(s)
need random assianment
procedure
singel-blind procedure:
subject don't know with the group they are in
double-blind procedure
: both researchers and subject don't know with the group they are in
Needs to understand scientific psychology
:red_flag:
Bias
hindsight bias:
" I knew this all the time!"
overconfidence:
overconfidence at what we believe
not ramdom
Some terms
Theory
: explain the behavior that we are observing
can explain of some phenomena
predict some behaviors
hypothesis
hypothesis: a testable prediction about the relationship
Null hypothesis: a testable prediction about no relationship
operational definition
: standerd of each variables
statistics
:unlock:
Types of Statistics
Descriptive statistics
Inferential statistics
Summarizing Data
central tendency=normal distribution
Mode=mean=median
standard deviation, 15%, 65%, 95%, two sides
range: the difference between the highest and lowest
skews
negative skews: skew to the left
positive skews: skew to the right
Hisgram: a bar graph
Ethical Guidelines in Psychology
Standard for animals: less strict than human
Standerd for Human
debriefing: subject know the purpose before experiement
Confidencialidad: secrecy
Informed Consent: subject agree to join
Anonymous：no name