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Family Topic 5, Advantages of AP
Boost the Economy
Lawton - New…
Family Topic 5
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Globalisation
- Growing interconnectedness of societies across the worlds (spread of culture, goods and economic interests)
- Connecting the world = 3rd world countries struggle to keep up with this (gap between rich and poor increases)
Effects of Globalisation
- Effected the UK population
- EU membership = EU members can live and work in any EU country = Risk of unwelcoming countries outside of the EU - coming from non-white ethnic groups
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- 5 ways globalisation has effected UK
More Asylum Seekers
- March 2014 = around 24,000 people seeking asylum in the UK to escape persecution, torture and potential death in their origin countries
- These people make up 5% of immigrants (can't work in the UK and have no government support) - 'Underserving scroungers'
- Held in migration detention centres where their applications are considered (Chief Inspector of Prisons suggests these centres show 'a shocking lack of humanity'
Greater Cultural Diversity
- Different cultures meet each other = 'hybrid families'
- Salvation links
More Undocumented Workers
- People come and stay in the UK illegally
- Growing influx of people exploited by UK employers and exploited by human traffickers
- Home Office suggests there's around 500,000 = 800,000
Changing Families
- Eastern Europeans tend to have larger families
- 2000's = 'baby boom' - Beck and Beck Gernshiem talk of growth in 'world families' and 'distant live' (LAT's)
- Chambers = 2012 globalisation = global network families
- There's a growing trade of surrogate motherhood, mail-order-brides (purchase of intimacy - Chambers)
- Growing international criminal trade - Trafficking women - enforce prostitution
- 2010 Association of chief police officers (ACPO) - Suggests 17,000 and 30,000 is involved with street prostitutes in England and Wales - were 70% of migrants are victims of trafficking
More Immigration from the EU
- March 2014 = EU immigrants made up 38% of the UK population
Migration 1900-2000's
- 20th Century - peak periods of immigration -
- 1930 - 1945 = refugees fled Britain to escape Nazi
- 1950 (Caribbean's) -1960 (Indians, Pakistani's, Kenyans) = British subjects from colonies (black common wealth)
- This was encouraged by British government (labour)
- This influx made Britain culturally diverse - 2011 = 10% UK population
- 1980 - 1990 = Net gain in population through migration - low but experienced a large rise in 1970
Demographic Change
Life Expectancy
- Estimate of how long the average person is expected to live
Death Rate
- Mortality rate - number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year
Infant Mortality Rate
- Number of deaths of babies in their first living year per 1000 lives births per year
Decline in death rate and infant mortality rate - increased life expectancy
Reasons for Change
Public Heath and Welfare
- Steep rise in state intervention in public health and welfare (est. 1948)
- NHS free, comprehensive healthcare (better pregnancy care and post natal acre for mothers and babies)
- Health visitors check on young babies (decreases mortality rate)
- Older people ae more cared for (pensions and care homes)
Higher Living Standard
- Higher wages, better food, more opportunity in home (less damp, toilets, clean water access)
- Improved transport, food technology (nutrition understanding - freezers, fruit and veg)
Health Education
- Awareness of nutrition and health importance
- Improved educational standards of health
- Websites are now available - NHS Choice, Netdoctor: provide guidance on treatments and preventing illness
- Advertisement of balanced diet, daily exercise and giving up smoking
- Traffic system on food packaging
- Sugar Tax
Improved Hygiene
- Since early 19th century has improved
- Construction of sewer systems and clean water mean there's an improved awareness of hygiene (contributed to elimination of deadly epidemics in Britain - Cholera)
- Mckeown said: improved environmental conditions and higher living standards (better diet) means epidemics
- Advances in surgery / medicine - now main killer is non-degrative diseases(cancer, heart disease)
- Before 20th century - highest death was in infants but now death rate rises the older you get
Improved Working Conditions
- Technology has taken over some of the most dangerous tasks - factories and machinery are now much safer than 100 years ago
- Higher health standard of health and safety at work
- Shorter working hours - more leisure time has made all work less physically demanding reducing health risks
Aging Population
Aging Population
- Population where the average age is getting higher - there's a greater proportion of the population over the retirement age = a smaller proportion of young people
Reasons For AP
- Families are having less children
Family Life
- Women take the role of carer of elders and children (less time with kids = unhappy children) = sandwich generation
Social Policies
- Women = Triple Shift
- Bedroom Tax (council housing tax on spare bedrooms - persuades people to move out of their houses at old age)
Family Structure
- AP led to an increase of divorce - longer time living together = a reconstituted family
- Increased beanpole families
Welfare State
- More dependency on the government (pensions)
Other Effects of AP
Effects on Public Service
- More use of services (NHS / Social Care)
- Increased expenditure on services such as housing (OAP Homes), and transport (free bus pass)
Policy Implications
- 'How do we finance a longer period of old age?'
- Hirsh: A number of policies need to change in order to tackle problems faced by an AP
- The abolishment of retirement age (65) in 2011 means people are no longer forced out of work
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Increased Dependency Ratio
- Increased relationships with employed and unemployed people
- Economically dependent on working group of people
- AP = Economic burden
Decline in Family Size
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Fertility
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
- Average number of children women will have during child bearing years
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General Fertility Rate (GFR)
- Number of births per 100 women of child bearing age
Reasons for the decline:
Education
- 1880 Made child's education compulsory
- Now are a economic liability and drain on the parents as before they would been seen as a financial asset (cared for during education years)
- Support into their 20s as they leave for higher education and then return (clipped wing)
Contraception
- Birth control that is cheap and effective
- Change in social attitude about contraception (feminism)
- Growing sacralisation (less church influence)
- Availability of safe abortions since 1970, termination of unwanted pregnancies
Cost of Children
- Aviva in 2011 suggested average size of the family is declining due to cost of kids
- One child households has increased since 1970's and reasoning behind not having anymore children is 58% of the time (money)
- Average cost of a child until 21 is £270,000
- Hirsch says that in 2014 one child at the age of 18 costs £154,000
- Child centeredness has increased
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Changing Values
- Loss of freedom for people (loss of money to spend on leisure)
- Growing individualisation
- Post modernist suggest consumer values dominate people who seek to develop through identities people are becoming reluctant to have kids
Advantages of AP
- Boost the Economy
- Lawton - New markets are emerging (purchasing power of old people - 'grey pound') increases economic contribution to UK (leisure)
- More Social and Community Involvement
- Department of media, culture and sport - 'Taking Part' survey in 2013-14, 4.5 million elders volunteer (54%) over England to help events / civil engagement (important to support social connections)
- Less Crime
- Elders are more law abiding
- Family Support
- Grandparents = babysitters and school pick up/drop off worker - unpaid childcare = financial, practical, emotional support of family
Legal and Generals 2013 'Value of Parent survey said grandparents take part in childcare and household tasks for av 8 hrs a week (£73 )
Disadvantages of AP
- Housing Shortages
- Affordable homes are harder to find because older people occupy them
- More Work for Women
- Feminists point out = practical burdens for elder care = more infirmity
- More Ill Heath
- Aging = health complications
Loneliness (one person households - breakdown of extended family and individualisation) = psychological problems - Increases cost for NHS
- Loss of Skill
- Skills over a lifetime are more valued, taking longer to be replaced, young workers are often regarded as less committed
- More Poverty and Family Hardship
- Marxists suggest AP has caused more poverty
Capitalist societies maintain responsible living standard through labour power (2013 - 1.6million pensioners were living below poverty line)
- Younger people have to provide for themselves and family sometimes parents and grandparents meaning poorer parts of the country are more effected and there's an increase of family hardship
- Burden of Dependence and Problems of AP
- Increased dependency ratio
- Health and Social Centre 2014 found people over 65 occupied half 'bed days' and consumed 60% / 1 billion drugs prescribed in 2013
- Welfare budget on pensioners keeps rising 'pension timebomb'