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EUROPE IN THE AGE OF CARLOS V AND FELIPE II, image, image, image, image -…
EUROPE IN THE AGE OF CARLOS V AND FELIPE II
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
The Reformation was a religious movement which began in the first half of the 16th century.It instigated the division of the Christian Church and the founding of protestant churches.
CAUSES
The low clergy's lack of training
The church didn't give much importance to the training of its priests
Then, many of them did not behave appropriately.
The bad example set by the high clergy
At the top of the hierarchy occupied positions for their own gain
They did not respect the customs or morals that they preached.
The church's wealth
The high clergy lived a life of luxury
The church possessed extensive lands and taxed the humble population
It also obtained income by carrying out religious sacraments and from the veneration of holy relics, saints and the Virgin Mary.
The buying and selling of ecclesiastical positions
These positions provided an income and economic rights, and were therefore a way of getting rich
The sale of indulgences
When the church needed money it sold indulgences, through which it helped believers to be forgiven for their sins.
LUTHER'S BREAK FROM ROME
The German priest Martin Luther was scandalised by the amount of corruption in the Church.
He published 95 Theses in 1517, criticising the sale of indulgences and other bad practices carried out by the ecclesiastical hierarchy.
This marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation
Throughout the rest of his life, Luther continued to criticise the Church and develop his ideas, resulting in the Lutheran doctrine. His main principles were:
Free interpretation of the Bible
Forgiveness and salvation do not depend on the good deeds a person does in life, but on faith and God's will
Rejection of the veneration of the Virgin Mary, saints and holy relics. Rejection of the sacraments, except for baptism and the Eucharist
Opposition to the Church owning property and support for the nobles taking over the Church's possessions
THE SPREAD OF THE REFORMATION
Lutheranism spread rapidly across northern Europe
The movement also diversified and other reformers appeared with new doctrines:
Ultricht Zwingli
Swiss pastor who founded the Reformed Church in the city of Zurich
His doctrine rejected the authority of the Pope and proposed abolishing religious imagery and celibacy among priests.
John Calvin
French theologian who spread a type of Protestantism from Geneva in Switzerland
His beliefs were based on predestination, meaning that people were destined for salvation or damnation from birth
Calvinism spread across Switzerland and to England France and the north of the Low Countries.
The Pope
He would not give his consent for King Henry VIII to divorce Catherine of Aragón
In 1534 he broke with the Catholic Church and the Act of Supremacy was passed, under which he appointed himself head of the Church of England or Anglican Church.
