Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Immune System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Final maturization in lymph organs: lymph nodes, spleen and other lymphatic organs
  - - - The first time an antigen is swept into a lymph node it binds to a B cell that has corresponding antigen receptors. (The antibody on the B cell matches the antigenic determinants)
        
        The selected B cell is activated: It grows and divides, forming identical cells specialized against the very antigen that initated the response.
        
        Some B cells become memory cells, these cells remain in the lymph nodes, waiting to be activated by a second exposure to the antigen.
        
        The memory cells last for decades.
        
        Some B cells become effector cells (known as plasma cells) that discharge antibodies into the blood and lymph.
        
        The antibodies bind to the antigens found in the body fluid. Antigens bound by antibodies are marked for destruction by innate defenses.
        
        Effector cells last for only 4 or 5 days before they die
        
        Highly effective at combating an already existing infection
      - The Secondary Immune Response
        
        Occurs on second exposure to an antigen.
        
        Is faster and stronger than the primary immune response.
    - - Antibodies are released into our blood.
        
        Circulate in our body fluid.
        
        Interact with antigens that are circulating in our body fluid.
      - Antibody molecules:
        
        Y-shaped
        
        Two antigen-binding sites
        
        Specific to the antigenic determinants
      - Antibodies can mark antigens for elimination
        
        Binding of antibodies to antigens inactivates antigens by
        
        Neutralization
        
        Enhances phagocytosis
        
        Agglutination of microbes
        
        Enhances phagocytosis
        
        Precipitation of dissolved antigens
        
        Enhances phagocytosis
        
        Activation of complement system
        
        Leads to cell lysing
    - - Final maturization in lymph organs: lymph nodes, spleen and other lymphatic organs
  - - - Antigens generate a specific antibody response
    - - All virus contain antigens on their cell wall for example
        
        The spikes on the covid-19 virus are antigens
    - - One antigen can have many antigenic determinants
  - - - Where the antibody used to defeat the antigen is saved as a memory as a memory cell that remains in the lymph nodes and can last for decades.
  - - - E.g: babies get antibodies from the mothers breast milk, babies don't have any antibodies because they have never been exposed to anything.
- - - - Lymph is a clear to white fluid made of white blood cells, especially lymphocytes
- - - - Direct contact: Skin
        
        Your skin in itself is oily, salty and acidic which provides protection from bacteria.
        
        If you have a wound the bacteria can enter into your body directly through the wound as no skin is covering the wound.
      - Contaminated water and food: Digestive System
        
        Bad food or water goes into your digestive system, we have lyzosomes in our saliva. Lyzosomes are antibacterial.
        Your stomach acid is highly acidic, which means that it can kill things. Sometimes bacteria can bipass our digestivve system and make us sick.
      - Droplet infection: Respiratory System
        
        Respiratory system.
        
        We have mucus membranes in our lugns which can have a slightly acidic surface. The actual mucus gets moved by cilia (cillia are attached to cells), this means that the virus or bacteria get caught in the mucus. The cilia beats upwards causing you to cough. You are coughing out bacteria and viruses.
        
        In our nose we have lots of cilia cells and when we get sick the cells are trying to wash the viruses out, when we for example have a cold.
      - Sexual transmission: Reproductive and urinary systems
        
        Your urinary and reproductive systems contain mucus membranes that contain glycogen that is broken down into acid
        
        Acid environment kills bacteria.
        
        Your urinary system also flushes bacteria out by a periodic flow of urine. It is physical.
      - Vector organisms
        
        Pass the organs and go staright into our blood system
        
        E.g Tics
  - - - Leucocytes (White blood cels)
        
        More white blood cells = your body fighting an infection
      - Phagocytic cells
        
        Neutrophils
        
        Macrophages
    - - Interferon
        
        A messenger telling the surrounding cells that there is an intruder.
        
        Are interferons only found in vertebrates?
        Yes
      - Histamine
      - Pyrogen
    - - Can limit further infection (hopefully)
      - Can disinfect tissue
      - When a pin is pushed int oyour skin the sharp end of the pin enters into your skin where bacteria is released.
        
        The tissue releases chemical signals such as histamine.
        
        The are that is ruptured starts to swell and phagocytes and fluid move into that area.
        
        Phagocytes (macrophages and nucreophils) consume bacteria and cell debris.
        
        Tissue heals.