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Linguistic Discourse Analysis, Five Canons, How do you address it?,…
Linguistic Discourse Analysis
"study of the ways that language is organized in texts and contexts" (57)
linguistics is the "scientific study of language" (58)
Key terms: structure & function
Structure
Unit of language
Function
Expressive
Informational
Social
Function: use of language for a particular purpose, whether that purpose is informational, expressive, or social
Structure: a unit of language (sound, syllable, word, phrase, clause, sentence)
Conventions: “connections between features of language and their functions in context”
Language as cognitive object vs. language as social object
Most discourse analysis considers the structure of language and its functions in social and cultural contexts..How do speakers and writers organize language to function at or beyond the level of a sentence?
ethnography
interactive social linguistics
Genre Analysis
Systemic Linguistics
critical discourse analysis
Five Canons
Arrangement
Delivery
Memory
Style
Invention
How do you address it?
Other disciplines
Peer review
Collaborators
Understanding it: REFLEXIVITY
Acknowledge it
Conflict of interest statements
sociolinguistics, genre analysis, systemic linguistics, critical discourse analysis
Rich Feature
point to the relation between the text and context of the text itself
contextual value can be connected to matters of function, meaning, interpretation and significance. The rich feature is the basis for conventions of meaning and interpretations in the context
linguistic integrity, contextual value
Select a corpus
identify salient patterns
determine interestingness
Select a study Corpus
verifying a pattern
develop a functional-rhetorical analysis
Features that have linguistic integrity and contextual boundaries
must have both structure and function
Evidentals
Evidentials of contrast
evidentials specifying the mode of knowl- edge
degree-of-reliability evidentials
Bottom-up Discourse Analysis
Top-down discourse analysis- conventions of significant association with larger frameworks
Bottom up discourse analysis
using features and conventions as examples in a descriptive argument in support of some generalization or claims
identify feature and then use the features to support claims
Pick a thoery and see what features are a part of it
both qualitative and quantitative analysis
Textual analysis vs contextual analysis lying at two ends of a continuum
Rhetorical Analysis
"an effort to understand how people within specific social situations attempt to influence others through language" (281)
comes from a definition of rhetoric as "the study of language--and the study of how to use it"
Rhetorical analysis is an effort to understand how people within specific social situations/ cultural situations attempt to influence others with their language.
Rhetorical analysis requires a heightened awareness of “the message” being sent through a text. Considering the delivery of the message as much as the message itself.
Ethos, Pathos, Logos
Pathos- persuasive reasons in an argument that derive from a community's mostly deeply and fervently held values
Ethos- quality of a piece of writing that persuades through character and trustworthiness of the speaker or writer
Logos- the sound reasons that emerge from intellectual reasoning
Critical Reading
Reactive Reading
Appreciation of how the author chose to convey the message
Also referred to as Rhetorical Criticism
Forensic Rhetoric
guilt & innocence,
past
The study of language and how to use it
Deliberative Rhetoric
social organization, public policy,
future
Epideictic Rhetoric
ceremonial discourse, community values, praise/blame
present
Contextual: broader social context
Textual: analyses that focus more on texts than context
What are the ends/payoffs for LDA:
Looking at the speaker, what they are saying
Quantities of things/units of measurement
Benefits and payoffs for Rhetorical Analysis:
Look at the text as an artifact was put together; can help you when writing your own texts
Audience--is expecting something, there is a connection and an outcome that is meant to be achieved
Produces a different kind of outcome/artifact than LDA
LDA could lead into an analysis--might be a good way of gathering data, put into context with rhetorical analysis
Benefits and payoffs for LDA: 1. Trends; 2. Larger social contexts; 3. Historical contexts--Can offer validity
Connections/ Conflicts
Bias: the person who is doing the research doesn't know that they are collecting similar data in the collection method or analysis; might be seeing a grouping or association that isn't "real"
Favoring one idea/object/group
Basing a conclusion around a preconceived notion of what your answer is going to be and then finding the answer that supports it
Top down/bottom up or inductive or deductive
You don't know or understand you have it necessarily
Taking one side against; doing research to prove you are right
If you are already researching something, then that must be worthy of study; you are already bounding a problem, searching for data about it
Evidence that Bias is everything:
Doing research is an exercise of bias; being in a discipline is evidence of bias; hammer/nail analogy
Problematic Bias
Personal connections to topic
Everyone is biased and has bias
The theory
Persuasion
Purpose
What is the unit of analysis?
Verbal and nonverbal cues
Relationships between individuals; individuals and objects
The word