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5 ways of classifying research - Coggle Diagram
5 ways of classifying research
Nature of data
Qualitative Data
non numerical
A quality is more subjective
Data comes from field research and case studies
Quantitative Date
Numerrical Data
conclusions are drawn from statistics and generalized to populations of interest
Time dimension of research
observations can either be at more or less one point (Cross sectional designs) or over a longer period of time (longitudinal design
cross sectional: single point in time
longitudinal study: involves multiple observations made over time
trend studies: examine changes within the general population over time
panel studies: follow the same group, organization, peoples over multiple time periods
cohort studies: just like a panel study expect individuals share a common experience.
purpose of research
Descriptive
Describes the scope of the study
Ask Who?When?Where?How?
want to know the problems frequency, prevalence, degree and scope.
Explanatory
find a cause anserwer why?
why hav we seen a certain change in scope
Exploratory
Answers the question WHAT?
Little to none prior reasearch
Unit of analysis
The what or whom being studied in a research project
Individuals: college students, gang mambers, team players.
Groups: police beats, households, city blocks, cities, counties
community: prisons, police departments, buisnesses
staes
nations
social artifacts: products of social beings and their behavior (stories in newspapers, pictures from a crime scene, internet post, indecent reports)
2 fallacies
1) ecological fallacy: making assertions about individuals based on the examination of groups
2) Reductionism: using individual evidence to predict how a group might behave
Methods of reasoning
Inducitve reasoning
moves from specific to general
from a set of observations to the discovery of a pattern among them, to a hypothesis and eventually to a theory
Deducitve Reasoning
moves from general to more spefifc
theory-hypothesis-observation-confrimation