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Gender and Youth Deviance - Coggle Diagram
Gender and Youth Deviance
Delinquent Boys
Gender
Conflict subculture of territory, in rivalry of other estate- Cloward
Focal concerns, streetwise-, boredom, broadois, making up own focal concerns- Miller
Fathers, not presents and therfore turn to deviant subculture- New Right Murray
‘ruffians’, ‘rowdies’ and ‘hooligans’ of the nineteenth century, the teds, mods and rockers of the 1950s and 60s to the ‘yob’ in the 1990s and the ‘hoodie’ in the 2000s, young males have been feared and demonised by society and the media
Cohen and Cloward and Ohlin
Unable to gain success, money and possessions, therefore using deviance to get them
'Blocked opportunities’, meaning that not everyone has the same opportunities such as different education and upbringings therefore having to use deviance
Unable to achieve values goals, using criminal behaviour by being innovative, obtaining through illegal behaviour
Criminal, conflict and retreatist subcultures
Criminal- stable working class areas where there is an established pattern of crime- earn career from it
Conflcit- formed in unstable disorganised areas with high mobility, turning to violence, terriorty
Retraists- Formed by youths who fail to achieve in legitimate or illegitimate terms, unable to access success through mainstream values or joining criminal subcultures
Status Frustration and deprivation of working class boys
Unable to gain mainstream values therefore turn to deviant values to gain status
Many working class boys give up on the mainstream values because they find it is too hard of a way to achieve status
Working class boys strove to emulate middle-class values and aspirations, but lacked the means to achieve success, leading to status frustration: a sense of personal failure and inadequacy
Miller
Focal concerns
Trouble, toughness, excitement, fate and autonomy
Challenges the value consensus as working class boys do not try to gain academic sucess
Set of norms and values have become independent to the working-class to mainstream society through which they gain status
Working class males feel that they need to be tough, showing their masculinity and rejecting weakness, by maintain a reputation. Emphasizing their smartness, by they try and out wit each other due to wanting the excitement and thrills from the emotional stimuli. They accept their lives will involve violence, they will not run from it. Due to their future already being determined they go and seek trouble for a thrill. By committing this deviance, it is allowing working class boys to have autonomy, by being interdependent rather than relying on other therefore they do not alert the police, not reporting on other who commit crime.
Linked to fatalism and collectivism = accept they need to help their friends and family in time of conflict.
Controlled Girls- Heidensohn
Feminist
Girls are less likely to form deviant subcultures because they are subjected much more control in their behaviour
Girls risk more by becoming deviant: it will be seen as ‘double deviance’ - going against femininity, laws and norms
Links to
Less- Sexual double standard- participial society
Control by the family, in terms of how much and for how long they are allowed out of the house (Bedroom culture: McRobbie & Garber)
Controlled by fear of being out alone after dark
Delinquent Girls
Delinquent Girls
Female ratio of offending may be just 1.4:1, by the ages of 22-25 it is 11:1.
Evidence from official statistics and from self-report studies suggests that female deviance and offending peaks earlier than for boys, but decades earlier and more significantly
This is due to females, being so controlled by their parents, that female deviance peaks earlier as they are breaking away from this mould
Girls in gangs
However, the USA is very different to that in the UK, and there is less evidence regarding females in gangs here, though a 2011 study estimated that 12,500 young women and girls have close involvement with gangs.
Klein suggests that female gang members commit equally violent acts as their male counterparts
Studies of females in gangs in the USA suggest a significant involvement of young females in gangs, both in female-only gangs, and mixed-sex gangs
Harding
Girls in a gang use their social skills to carve out a role
They will never become leaders, but can become ‘fixers’ (for example, hiding weapons and drugs and trading information with rival gangs
Boys leave this role to girls, seeing is as ‘girls’ business’, but girls and young women can become an important part of a gang’s operation, and social skills are a source of ‘street capital’, essential to survival
Violence, including sexual violence, against young female gang members is common as a way of ‘keeping them in line’.
Centre for Social Justice’s research
Gangs are commonly using sexual exploitation and rape to control girls and young women, and as an ‘initiation’ for young male gang members, as young as 10
2012 report cites the case of a 13-year-old gang-involved girl being subjected to sexual exploitation, who was found to be involved in grooming her 10-year-old sister for the same purpose
Maclinity and Males
Messerchmidt
Gang acts as a location for ‘doing masculinity’, which has to be ‘accomplished’ and proved
Youths are attracted by crime and gang violence because this gives them the opportunity to express their masculinity
Young British men believe that respect and status from other men is important
some young men deliberately seek a reputation as ‘hard’ men
Toughness is therefore central to male identity – especially being in control of others
Often young males seek out confrontation with other young men
Being able to ‘look after yourself’ in aggressive situations is also deemed important
Harding
Masculinity is made or ‘accomplished’ depends on the social field a young male finds himself in
Those without access to paid employment, a traditional source of hegemonic masculinity, will find other ways to achieve their masculinity (violence, criminality). In this context, young males committing criminal behaviour is not ‘deviant’ at all, but an expression of the qualities we admire in males: toughness, bravery and strength.
Seeing masculinity as an ‘excuse’ for criminality is strongly challenged. The focus on ‘hegemonic masculinity’ ignores the many other forms of masculinity which exist.
Bourdieu- symbolic violence
Marxists argue that placing the blame on the powerless working-class male, ignores the ‘symbolic violence’ (Bourdieu) committed by more powerful, older males in society through their ideological dominance
A type of non-physical violence manifested in the power differential between the social groups
Conell
Range of masculine identities available today, but that hegemonic masculinity is the most common and the one that is still reinforced most strongly
Subordinate masculinity, which he links to homosexual males
Marginalised masculinity, which he links to unemployed men, are present but not fully accepted
Complicit masculinity helping with the house
Anti school subcultures and Gender
Mac and Ghail
Identified male subculture which he called the macho lads
What they valued most was the 3F’s, fighting, football and fucking
Showed extreme forms of macho behaviour- hegemonic masculinity- perhaps is a form of resistance to a perceived threat to their masculine identity
They bullied academic achievers and had a clear anti school subculture
Jackson
Working class girls and their ‘ladette culture’
Studies Laddishness in schools an found evidence based from both boys and girls
It was cool to be clever, but not to work hard
They would hide the fact that they had revised or tried from their friends to avoid the appearance of weakness or failure if they did badly; they would be able to say they did not try or care
Ladette culture and included smoking, swearing, acting hard, being loud and open about their sex lives
White working class girls who are underachieving as a result
Archer & Yamashita
Studied boys in inner city London who showed norms and values that they were anti school and anti education
They were attached to a bad boy image, related to there hyper heterosexuality, and so reading an academic achievement as a soft
They were committed to staying local with limited aspirations
They saw their local area as unsafe and recognised you have to be tough to survive, but felt vulnerable to attack if they strayed from its boundaries
Their subculture or gang was their backup and being a member unconforming was a key part of doing masculinity with the male peer group
These studies suggest that deviant subcultures can have a great effect on male students’ attitudes towards school, and the effort they make