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Peer Pressure, Social comparison Social acceptance Groups belonging -…

- - - - One-on-one environment = the recipient of the influence has a stronger chance of adhering to his or her core values and beliefs.
      - Within a group = the pressure to go along with the group is immense
  - - - Fashion choices, personal interactions or ‘joining’ types of behavior (clubs, cliques, teams, etc.).
  - - - E.g. teenager hands another teen an alcoholic drink, or makes a sexual advance, or looks at another student’s paper during a test
  - - - When a teen overhears a friend gossiping about another person and then reacts to the gossip, that is indirect peer pressure.
      - if a middle schooler learns that the popular kids’ parties include alcohol or drugs, that indirect pressure may prompt them to experiment as a way to gain acceptance.
  - - - Can may lead to negative addictions such as alcohol and drugs consumption, engaging in negative behaviors
      - Young people often lack the skills to come up with an excuse or reason to say no to negative peer pressure.
      - Act in ways which they are not comfortable = cause individuals to suffer from low-self esteem, anxiety & depression.
  - - - For instance, if a peer group wants to make good grades, a young teen can be positively influenced to study.
      - People can become more active, athletic, avoiding risky behaviours
      - Leads you to make choices that better yourself and do not undermine your core values.
- - - - We can form other's identity
- - - - According to Goffman, “individuals develop a sense of self from creating an impression they wish to give to others” (Manago et al., 2008).
  - - - e.g. Enmeshed family can may have a big impact on child's early development, and thus construction of identity
    - - Supporting healthy friendships modeling responsible behavior and keeping an open, judgment-free family dialogue are three key components of maintaining positive parental influence on a teenagers.
      - Could be strongest influence in their child’s life if they understand and are aware of the types of peer pressure their teenager is facing.
  - - - e.g. popularity
- - - - E.g. television messages about violence are likely to be especially resonant to an individual who lives in a city with a high crime rate. Between the television message and the real-life crime rate, cultivation effects will be amplified, enhancing the belief that the world is a mean and scary place.
- - - - Alcohol & substance abuse.
        
        Even though alcohol and drugs are known as bad things, peer pressure can play an important role in making adolescents lose self-control and ignore
  - - - tone of voice
      - moods
      - facial expressions
    - - words spoken towards others
      - judgments
      - actions
    - - around ways of living
- - - - Generally, people interact based on experiences they have had with others who belong to different categories. During interaction, they constantly refine their social categories. These, in turn influence their behavior; thus, identity.
        
        E.g. going for lunch with an adult triggers different behaviors than going to lunch with a young adolescent
  - - - “Self-categorization is an active, interpretative, judgmental process, reflecting a complex and creative interaction between motives, expectations, knowledge and reality” (Turner, 1999, p. 31). It defines individuality, but not necessarily in the sense that categories are permanent and foster an everlasting self-image.