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The protestant reformation and religious wars and the Counter reformation,…
The protestant reformation and religious wars and the Counter reformation
The protestant reformation
Luther's break from Rome
Forgiveness and salvation
do not depend on the good deeds a person does in life, but on faith and God's will
Rejection
The veneration of the Virgin Mary, saints and holy relics
Rejection of the sacraments, except for baptism and the Eucharist
Free interpretation of the Bible
Priests should be abolished because anyone could read and interpret the Bible in their own way
He initiated the translation of the holy book into various languages
Opposition
The Church owning property and support for the nobles taking over the Church's possessions
The spread of reformation
John Calvin
Was a French theologian who spread a type of Protestantism from Geneva in Switzerland
His beliefs were based on predestination, meaning that people were destined for salvation or damnation from birth
Henry VIII
would not give his consent for King Henry VIII to divorce Catherine of Aragón
In 1534
he broke with the Catholic Church and the Act of Supremacy was passed
Ultricht Zwingli
Was a Swiss pastor who founded the Reformed Church in the city of Zurich
His doctrine rejected the authority of the Pope and proposed abolishing religious imagery
Causes
The church's wealth
The high clergy lived a life of luxury, the have extensive lands and taxed the humble population
The buying and selling of ecclesiastical positions
These positions provided an income and economic rights, and because of these they earned money
The bad example set by the high clergy
The majority of those at the top of the hierarchy occupied positions for their own gain
The sale of indulgences
When the church needed money, it sold indulgences, through which it helped believers to be forgiven for their sins
The low clergy's lack of training
The church hierarchy did not give much importance to the training of its priests
Religious wars and the Counter reformation
Religious wars
Countries
Low countries
Between 1568-1648
The Dutch War of Independence or Eighty Years' War.
This was a rebellion against Spanish rule and a civil war between the Calvinists and Catholics
British Isles
Between 1639-1651
the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
These were a series of conflicts among the Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans in England, Scotland and Ireland
France
The wars between Catholics and Protestants, and it ended in 1598 when King Henry IV signed the Edict of Nantes,
There were very bloody episodes, like the massacre of Protestants on St. Bartholomew's
Consequences of religious division in Europe
Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other in the areas they dominated
Power
The Pope and the Emperor became less influential
The Protestant kings and nobles gained more power, taking over their national churches and their possessions
The counter-reformation
Internal reform
Seminaries and universities were founded to improve the training priests received
Bishops were more strictly controlled
Measures were taken to resolve internal corruption
The repression of Protestantism
Whose followers were considered heretics
The Inquisition was reinforced and an Index of forbidden books
This opposed the Catholic faith
The clarification of their teachings
The dogmas and principles that the Protestants had rejected were maintained
These included carrying out good deeds to achieve salvation
