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EUROPE IN THE AGE OF CARLOS V AND FELIPE II - Coggle Diagram
EUROPE IN THE AGE OF CARLOS V AND FELIPE II
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
Causes
The low clergy's lack of training
The bad example set by the high clergy
The church's wealth
The buying and selling of ecclesiastical positions
The sale of indulgences
Luther's break from Rome
His ideas
Free interpretation of the Bible
Rejection of the veneration of the Virgin Mary, saints and holy relics
Forgiveness and salvation do not depend on the good deeds a person does in life, but on faith and God's will
Opposition to the Church owning property and support for the nobles taking over the Church's possessions
The spread of the reformation
New doctrines
Ultricht Zwingli
John Calvin
Henry VIII
RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
RELIGIOUS WARS
Aliance between the Emperor, the Curch and the Pope
Schmalkaldic League
A civil war broke out and the Emperor and the Catholic German princes defeated the League at the Battle of Mühlberg in 1547
Finally, the Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555, under which the Emperor granted the Protestant princes religious freedom.
This agreement did not result in religious peace in Europe. On the contrary, it provoked a series of religious wars:
In the British Isles, the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651) took place
In the Low Countries, the Dutch War of Independence or Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) took place
In France, the wars between Catholics and Protestants continued into the second half of the 16th century
THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
The Council of Trent, which has held between 1545 and 1563, established the Catholic Church’s course of action in three main areas: the clarification of their teachings, internal reform and the repression of Protestantism.
The clarification of their teachings
Internal reform
The repression of Protestantism
THE SPANISH HABSBURG DYNASTY
THE RELIGIOUS WARS
In the 16th century, the Spanish Monarchy became the most powerful in Europe. Carlos V, or Carlos I of Spain, reigned from 1516 to 1556. His son Felipe II took over the throne from 1556 to 1598.
They attempted to exert absolute political authority over Europe and pursued similar political objectives:
To retain their territorial patrimony
To defend Catholicism
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE 16TH CENTURY
The economy prospered due to the riches obtained from the Americas, especially silver and gold.
The arrival of precious metals on the Peninsula affected the Spanish Monarchy in the following ways
It enabled the kings to finance the numerous wars
The arrival of metals enriched the nobility
The craft industry began to grow
The monarchs were able to begin more expensive projects
The economy continued to be based on agriculture
CARLOS V
Carlos I, Juana’s eldest son, inherited a vast patrimony. This was ruled by his grandfather Ferdinand ‘the Catholic’ and Cardinal Cisneros until his arrival in Spain.
THE BEGINNING OF HIS REIGN
Carlos born in Gent (Belgium) in 1500, he went to Castilla and he started reigning, the spanish people were unhappy with Carlos
Carlos start taking taxes to the low class people. That provoked the Revolt of the Comuneros in 1520, in which the lower nobility and bourgeoisie in some cities rose up against the government.
The king's representatives and the high nobility who supported him defeated the comuneros' at the Battle of Villalar (1521)
At the same time, the bourgeoisie and peasants rose up against the nobility in Valencia and Mallorca (part of the Crown of Aragón). This is known as the Revolt of the Brotherhoods (1519-1523).
THE WARS OF CARLOS V
Carlos fight in some wars
Against France
The French king was defeated
Battle of Pavia (1525)
Against the Ottoman Empire
The sultan Suleiman the Magnificent began to expand his empire
In 1529 he attacked Vienna
The Emperor's troops conquered Tunisia (1535) but failed to take Algiers (1541)
Against the German Protestant princes
The Emperor fought the Protestant princes in the Schmalkaldic War (1546-1547) and defeated them in Mülberg. The hostilities resumed in 1552 and Carlos V signed the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.
FELIPE II
A GLOBAL EMPIRE
Carlos V give some territoies to his brother and to his son
He gave Austria and the Imperial Crown to his brother Ferdinand
And to his son Felipe II
Castilla and his territories in the Americas.
The Crown of Aragón and his Italian territories.
The Low Countries and Franche-Comté.
In 1580, the king of Portugal died, leaving no heirs
So the Carlos V army defeated Portugal
In 1561 he made Madrid the capital of his kingdom.
DOMESTIC PROBLEMS
All the kingdoms on the Peninsula were ruled by the same sovereign, although they maintained their own institutions and specific laws (fueros)
Antonio Pérez, was accused of an assassination in Castilla so he went to France to don't go to jail and he sucdeded
SPANISH CULTURE IN THE 16TH CENTURY
Literature
Garcilaso de la Vega was the most important poet.
Novels contained realistic portrayals of daily life
The tragicomedy of Calisto and Melibea
The most famous religious authors were mystics who wrote about their spiritual experiences
Saint John of the Cross
Saint Teresa of Jesus
Art
In the Spanish Renaissance there were two styles:
Classicist
Although mythological themes and nudes were not portrayed
Mannerist
Feelings in its followers and strengthen their religious beliefs
Architecture
In the first third of the century, Plateresque style dominated
San Marcos Hospital in León and Santo Domingo Cathedral
In the second third of the century, buildings were constructed in a Classicist or Purist style
The Palace of Carlos V in the Alhambra in Granada by Pedro Machuca and Bisagra Gate
Sculpture
The most important sculptures in the Classicist style
With the adoption of the style of Mannerism, the faces of the sculptures became more expressive. They tried to evoke intense feelings to reflect the dramatic situations in some of the passages of the Bible.
Alonso Berruguete, who produced works such as The Sacrifice of Isaac and The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian.
Juan de Juni, who produced works such as The Entombment of Christ and The Virgen of Anguish.
Painting
The most important Spanish Renaissance paintings are those by Juan de Juanes
From the middle of the century the influence of Michael Angelo and Mannerism was very inportant
In the last third of the century, the most important artist was El Greco, a Greek artist who worked in Toledo.
