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Chapter 18 Classification and Systematics - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 18
Classification and Systematics
Phylogeny
Hereditary relationships of any group of organisms.
Systematics
the attempt of understanding each evolutionary lines and to have a system of understanding.
Natural System of Classification
system where closely related organisms are classified together and assigning plant names on the basis of phylogenetic relationships.
Nomenclature
name that reflect relationships accurately.
Scientific Names
(nomenclature) created by Carolus Linnaeus
Levels of Taxonomic Categories
Species
most fundamental level of classification. Individuals who are closely related by descent from a common ancestor.
Binomial System of Nomenclature
System of using paragraphs to describe organisms before nomenclature.**
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
incorrect idea that all cells of the body produce fluids that diffused to the genitalia where the fluids were concentrated and formed into sperm or egg cells.
Species Epithet
the word that distinguishes this species from the other species of the genus
Lycopersicon
Genera
(Plural)
Genus
(Singular) closely related species.
Monophyletic group
genera that
natural
that all of the species included in the genus are related each other by
a common ancestor, and that all descendants of that common ancestor are in same genus.
Polyphyletic Group
members have evolved from different ancestors and may resemble each other only as a result of convergent evolution.
Family
level above genus. Which is composed of one, several, or many genera.
Levels of family
Order
names ending in
-ales
Class
names that end in
-opsida
Division
names that end in
-phyta
Kingdom
do not have certain endings to indicate the classification level.
Taxon
can be used to address any of the groups to the right.
Cladistics
method of analyzing phylogenetic evolutionary relationships.
Homoplasies (analogous features)
when natural selection favor mutations inn each line that result in similar phenotypes.
Synapomorphies (homologous features
)
features similar to each other because they have descended from a common ancestral feature.
Cladogram
a diagram that shows evolutionary patterns by means of series of branches.
Node
each point at which cladogram branches**
Common Ancestor
place where descendants branch of from.
Clade
any ancestor and all the branches that lead from it.
Most Recent Common Ancestor
a natural monophyletic clade including the ancestors and all of the descendents.
Paraphyletic Group
does not contain all of the descendants of the most recent common ancestor.
Uninformative
useless in regards of understanding the phenology.
Equally Parsimonious
equally simplified but do have taxa arranged differently.
Unresolved Polychotomy
lack of enough data.therefore, causing the various species to arise from the same node.
Basal Angiosperms
early diverging clades.
Eudicots
remaining unnamed dicots.
Symplesiomorphy
shared ancestral condition that is also uninformative for arranging species.
Parsimony
the most simplified hypothesis.
Apomorphy
a new species that contains two divergent branches.
Ancestral Condition
where the descendants have undergone certain changes that were not present in the ancestor.
Other Types of Classification
Artificial Classification System
characters that are easy to observe are chosen as the basis of classification.
Form Genera
all fossils with the same basic form or structure.
Taxonomic Studies
Type specimen
single preserved plant that truly carries the name.
Isotopes
isolation of specimen to prevent recurring disaster.
The Major Lines of Evolution*
Grade Classification
classification based on derived characters.
Kingdom Plantae
simple plants with neither seeds or vascular tissue.
