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Theories of Education - Coggle Diagram
Theories of Education
New Right Perspective
Argues that education systems are currently not achieving their goals because they are run by the state.
Chubb and Moe (USA)
State run education has failed because
- It hasn't created an equal opportunity
- Private schools deliver higher quality education
Pupils from low income families consistently achieve 5% better in private than state schools.
Two roles for the state
:!: The state imposes a framework on schools within which they have to compete eg League tables
:!: The state ensures that schools transmit shared cultural norms and values by imposing a single national curriculum which would ensure that schools socialise pupils into a single national heritage and affirm British national identity.
:check: Sense of belonging given by education (two roles of the state) supported by Durkheim's view of social solidarity.
:red_cross: Gewirtz et al argue that competition largely benefits only the middle classes who can use their cultural and economic capital to gain access to the more desirable schools.
THE WAY THE NATIONAL CURRICULUM CREATES NATIONAL IDENTITY
- Teaching Britain's positive role in world history
- Teaching British literature
- Teaching christianity/ practice worship
- British values are Democracy, Rule of law, individual liberty, tolerance and respect
Interactionism
Self concept -the way they see themselves is the result of their interaction with others. (pupils self concept is influenced by the way other pupils and teachers see them)
Labelling & self fulfilling prophecy - Teacher labels pupil ---> Pupil behaves in accordance to the given label ---> The outcome of behaviour is consistent with the given label (self fulfilling prophecy)
Hargreaves et al
Deviance in classrooms
Stage 1 - Speculation Teachers make guesses about students based on their appearance , likeability, personality
Stage 2 - Elaboration Teachers look for evidence to support or contradict their judgement
Stage 3 - Stabilisation Teachers feel that they know the pupil and are not surprised by what they do/say
:check: Triangulated during their research. They used interviews and observations meaning they wasn't taking the teachers answers at face value
:red_cross: Too much emphasis on the power of teachers to affect pupils' self concept and achivement
Gillbourn and Youdell
Educational triage
Teachers base their 'priority pupils' on how likely they are to pass so grade C + will be helped but not the hopeless cases as they won't pass and teachers won't waste their time.
:check: Useful study, shows how the macro and micro aspects of education work together to disadvantage working class and ethnic minority students
:red_cross: Research is only based on 2 secondary schools in London, findings of educational triage are not representative of all schools
Becker
The ideal pupil USA
- Middle class children are ideal, working class children are known as badly behaved
- Key factors that influence teachers judgement is appearance, work and conduct.
:check: Useful insight into the ways in which teachers stereotype pupils
:red_cross: Assumes teachers won't change their opinion and labelling of a pupil overtime as they get to know them more.
Rosenthal and Jacobson
- Wanted to investigate the effect on teachers' expectations on pupils' academic performance
- Field experiment (manipulated teachers expectations IV measured pupils achievement DV)
- Fake IQ tests, all pupils tested 8 months later
- All pupils show improvement by 8 points but the 'bloomers' improved by 12 points
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Marxist perspective
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Willis
Learning to Labour
Willis followed a group of lads in the 1970s that rejected school and all its values and instead focused on leaving school as soon as they could. The ‘Lads’ recognised that the education system was not meritocratic. Therefore, developed an anti-school subculture. By doing this the bottom-stream pupils can raise their self-esteem by gaining status in front of their peers.
Postmodernism
Calls for education to encourage self- motivation, self- supervision and creativity.
Argues that education has become more diverse and responsive to the needs of different individuals and groups.
Things that show the changes in the education system which accommodate the needs of work market & economy
- A levels
- Apprenticeships
- Train to gain
- Skills for life
- Lifelong learning platform
- Vocation skills
- BTEC's