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Turmeric (Curcuma longa) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.5030
      - asthma, epilepsy, gallstones, cramps, high cholesterol, congestion, runny nose, cough, sinusitis, liver disorders, anorexia, rheumatism, diabetic wounds, alzheimer's disease
    - - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285776797_Turmeric_A_spice_with_multifunctional_medicinal_properties
      - Curcumin #
        
        responsible for most of the turmeric activities
      - Various useful properties
        
        with antioxidant activities
        
        inflammation, ulcer, and cancer
        
        antifungal, antimicrobial, renal, and hepatoprotective activities
        
        reduced mutagens
    - - http://apjcn.nhri.org.tw/server/APJCN/17%20Suppl%201//265.pdf
      - physiological and pharmacological properties
      - wound healing, rheumatic disorders, gastrointestinal symptoms, deworming, rhinitis and as a cosmetic.
      - It delays induced cataract in diabetes
      - reduces hyperlipidemia in obese rats
    - - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4075289/#:~:text=Anticancer%20activity%20of%20the%20rhizomes,cells%20grown%20as%20ascites%20form.&text=Initial%20experiments%20indicated%20that%20turmeric,the%20development%20of%20animal%20tumours.
      - in vitro
        
        using tissue culture methods
      - in vivo
        
        using Dalton's lymphoma cells grown as ascites form
      - inhibited the cell growth in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells at a concentration of 0.4 mg/ml
        
        cytotoxic to lymphocytes and Dalton’s lymphoma cells
  - - - dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC)
      - Ultrasonic extraction method
      - UV-vis spectrophotometer
        
        absorbance of cocktail dyes
      - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610215023012?via%3Dihub
  - - - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289687047_Chemical_composition_antioxidant_and_antimicrobial_activity_of_the_turmeric_essential_oil_Curcuma_longa_L
      - GC-MS and GC-FID spectrometry
      - Antioxidant activity
        
        determined using DPPH assay just after adding DPPH radical and after 20 min, 30 min and 45 min incubation with radical.
        
        incubated for 45 minutes with DPPH radical
      - Antimicrobial activity
        
        determined using a disc- diffusion method
        
        best antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans.
      - 0.3 cm3/ 100 g plant material
      - Eight compounds were identified
      - turmeric essential oil is an extremely strong antioxidant and antimicrobial (antifungal) agent
        
        potential application in the food and pharmaceutical industries as a safer alternative to the synthetic antioxidants and antimicrobial agents
    - - complex mixtures of secondary plant metabolites
        
        Turmeric rhizome
        
        2 major classes of secondary metabolites
        
        phenolic curcuminoids and essential oil
      - activity of en- dogenous and exogenous secretory plant tissues.
- - - - primarily phenolic compounds and terpenoids
      - 22 diarylheptanoids and diarylpentanoids
        
        curcuminoids
        
        accumulated in rhizomes
      - 8 phenylpropene and other phenolic compounds
      - 68 monoterpenes
      - 109 sesquiterpenes
      - 5 diterpenes
      - 3 triterpenoids
      - 4 sterols
      - 2 alkaloids
      - 14 other compounds
    - - 20 species - phytochemically studied
- - - - heat stable protein
      - trypsin treatment abolished the anti-oxidant activity
    - - had an absorbancemaximum at 280 nm.
- - - - diff. plnting methods had no infleunce on the:
        
        and weight of mother, primary and secondary rhizomes
        
        number of green leaves plant
        
        leaf senescence
      - flat method of planting
        
        plants taller during 2003-04
        
        no signi. diff. during 2004-05
    - - 12 March - produced max. fresh rhizome
        
        28.94 t ha-1 (mean yield)
      - Oil + curcumin content also increased with delay in harvesting
      - diff. harvesting dates
        
        no signi. effect on plant
  - - - dark red soil
      - Okinawa - best area for growing turmeric
        
        subtropical climate
    - - more evenly than that planted at a shallower depth in both glasshouse and field experiments
    - - obtain a higher yield
      - soil type, bulk density, soil ecological factors
        
        affect growth and development of rhizomes and tubers
  - - - soils showed
        
        well developed structural variation
        
        exhibited granular to sub angular blocky structures
        
        varied from loam to clay
        
        18.2 to 71.4, 4.4 to 18.7 and 20 to 68.2, per cent respectively
        
        sand, silt, and clay content ranges
    - - nearly level to gently undulating slopes
      - granular to sub angular blocky structure
- - - - followed by Andhra Pradesh
    - - based characterization and evaluation on 568 turmeric collection
  - - - first believed to have begun by
    - - replaced by synthetic dyes
  - - - Lord Shiva and Parvati
        
        idols are bathed after applying turmeric paste
    - - from birth to death
      - paste is used on babies
      - Goddess of gold luck (Laxmi)
      - used during last day of menstrual cycle
      - Krishna Kedara in Oriya Language
  - - - used in decorating of masks
      - various costumes for folklore art forms
    - - to be blessed with children
- - - - α-phellanderene (1%), sabiene (0.6%), cineol (1%), borneol (0.5%),
        5 zingiberene (25%) and sesquiterpines (53%)