Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
30 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH - Coggle Diagram
30
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct vs Indirect speech
Direct speech
: we repeat the speaker's exact words. Placed between inverted commas. Comma or colon immediately before or after the remark
Indirect speech
: we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without using the speaker's exact words. That-clause incorporated in the structure of the main clause.
Statements in reported speech
Pronoun and adjective changes
Changes in time and place expressions
Verbal changes
Modal verbs
Tense change exceptions: with universal truths, with habitual or repeated actions, when what the speaker says is still valid or current.
Introductory verb in a past tense:
back shift
Come/go, bring/take
Introductory verb in a present tense
Introductory verbs in statements:
say and tell
Construction: Say (statements) vs. tell (statements and commands)
DO and IO: Say (does not need to be followed by the IO) vs tell (always followed y the IO)
Meaning: Say (to express in words) vs tell (narrate, order, inform)
Questions in reported speech
Introductory verb:
ask, inquire, wonder, want to know
Introductory word
Wh-questions: the question word introduces the reported speech
Yes/no questions: the reported speech is introduced by
if/whether/whether...or/whether or not
Verb form:
the interrogative form of the verb changes into a statement in affirmative or negative form
Commands in reported speech
Introductory verb:
advice, ask, beg, command, encourage, forbid, invite, order, recommend, remind, request, urge, warn
Let's / let us / let him:
be to/should, urge/advice + to infinitive
Form:
reporting verb followed by the infinitive or negative infinitive with to
Exclamations in reported speech
: become statements in reported speech and the exclamation mark disappears
Exclamations with how/what.
Thank, congratulate, welcome
. Seasonal greetings
Other modes of speech presentation
Free direct speech
: a form of direct speech merged with the narration without any overt indication by a reporting clause of a switch of speech
Sumerged speech
: the direct statement has been absorbed by the narration with the consequent changes in lexis and grammar.
John complimented his mother on her youthful appearance
Free indirect speech
: borderline between narrative and inner speeh. No reporting verb. The structure of the sentence remains as in direct speech.
Why did they always have to pick on her?