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Treatments of Bipolar and Related Disorders - Coggle Diagram
Treatments of Bipolar and Related Disorders
Biochemical (MAOIs and SSRIs)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors inhibit monoamine oxidase from breaking down and removing serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine
This keeps high levels of neurotransmitters in the synapse for the post-synaptic neurone
It has many side effects
Nausea
Headaches
Diarrhoea and Constipation
Addiction
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
They act on serotonin to stop it from being reabsorbed into the pre-synaptic neurone
This keeps high levels of serotonin in the synapse for the post-synaptic neurone
There are fewer side effects, though depends on patient's response
Effectiveness
Both MAOIs and SSRIs are more effective than placebos
Fournier's study shows that they are more effective in treating patient with moderate and severe symptoms, than patients with mild depression
Electro-compulsive Therapy
Patient is put under anesthesia
Electrodes are placed on the scalp unilaterally or bilaterally
An electric current is passed through which induces seizures (which last up to 1 minute)
Use and effectiveness
It is used when CBT and drugs don't work (last resort)
Benefits of ECT are short-term because it is administered over short sessions
In Dierckx's study with 1000 unipolar and bipolar patients, he found that there is similar effectiveness with both antidepressants and ECT
Both have about 50% reduction in symptoms
Cognitive Restructuring (Beck)
It is a talking therapy between the depressed patient and therapist to change the patient's irrational thinking. It aims to gain entry into a patient's cognitive organisation
Procedure
Therapist explains theory of depression using the cognitive triad so that the patient knows their thinking can lead to depression
Patients are trained to observe and record their thoughts to recognise irrational beliefs
Patients record their dysfunctional thoughts to see if it occurs in reality
This is discussed in therapy to see whether its an accurate reflection of reality
Therapists help patients reattribute their thoughts by identifying whether the events were internal or external, etc.
Therapy is complete when patients can use cognitive restructuring on their own and see a reduction in symptoms
Evidence
In Wiles' study, depressed patients were either allocated to medication group or CBT
Those who had therapy were 3 times more likely to show a reduction in depressive symptoms
Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy (Ellis)
Based on Stoicism
A person is not affected by external things, but their own perception of how it affects them
ABC model explains how depression should be treated
A = Activating Event
Unsuccessful job interview
B = Belief
I'll never get anywhere/I'm not good enough
C= Consequence
Feeling sad or angry/Withdrawal from social life/Refusal to work elsewhere
Belief is the most important element because it is how a person perceives a negative event that can lead to depression
Irrational beliefs = greater risk of depression
Disputing is used to question irrational beliefs and replace them with more rational and healthy thoughts
Evidence
Lyons and Woods conducted a meta-analysis of 70 REBT outcome studies
Result - REBT patients showed better improvement compared to baseline measures and control groups