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DNA, ATP and RNA
RNA (Ribonucleic Aid):
It is the polymer of nucleotides.
Structure of RNA:
It is single stranded.
Functions of RNA:
It serves as a messenger between ribosomes and DNA
They are responsible for protein synthesis
It turns the information in the DNA itno proteins.
They are found in:
Prokaryotes:
in ribosomes and cytoplasm
Eukaryotes:
in cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts and nucleus.
Types of RNA:
Messenger RNA:
It carries the genetic information that is coming from DNA to the ribosomes. They are like enzymes; they can be used over and over again. The protein synthesis takes place according to the information here.
Transfer RNA:
It carries the amino acids that are found in the cytoplasm to ribosomes. They can also be used over and over again. It's single stranded but it is folded because of hydrogen bonds that are in it's structure. They have 3 nucleotide place called anticodon. :
Rinosomal RNA:
It involves in the structure of the ribosome.
Bases of RNA:
Cytonine, Guanine, Adenine and Uracil. Uracil binds with Adenina and Guanine binds with Cytonine.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid):
It is the polymer of nucleotides.
Structure of DNA:
It's made of molecules named nucleotides. Nucleotides had a phospate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base in them.
Types of nitrogen bases:
There are four types which are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. Adenine binds with thymine and guanine binds with cytosine.
Functions of DNA:
It stores genetic material.
It stores information for protein synthesis.
Offsprings inherit the genetic information from DNA.
Properties of DNA:
They are found in:
Prokaryotes:
a region called nucleoid region in the cytoplasm. It is circular,
Eukaryotes:
Mitochondria and chloroplast in the nucles. It is linear in the nucleus but circular in mitochondria and chlotoplasts.
Shape of the DNA:
It is a double stranded helix that looks like a spiral staircase. It is made up of two polynucleotide chains joined together by hydrogen bonding between bases.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate):
It holds the enrgy that is required for cellular activities.
ATP cycle:
Exergonic reaction:
It releases energy.
Endergonic reaction:
It requires energy.
ATP turns into ADP if it loses a phospate group and releases energy.
It consists of:
Adenine Base
Ribose sugar
3 phospate groups
Cells require ATP for metabolic activities.
Phosphorylation:
It is ATP production.
Dephosphorylation:
It is ATP consumption.
It is used when a cell requires energy.
Purines and pyrimidines:
They are the nitrogen bases which holds DNA strands together through hydrogen bonds.
Purines an pyrimidines in DNA:
Purines
: Adenine and Guanine,
Pyrimidines
: Cytosine and Thymine
Purines and pyrimidines in RNA:**
Purines:
Adenine and Guanine,
Pyrimidines**: Cytosine and Uracil
