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Population Genetics & Evolution - Coggle Diagram
Population Genetics & Evolution
Population Genetics
Factors that cause the gene pool to change
Mutation
changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes
Accidents
Accidents are events to which an organism cannot adapt such as the collision of large meteorite to earth
Artificial selection
Is the process in which humans purposely change the allele frequency of a gene pool
Natural selection
Which is the most significant factor causing gene changes, usually described as the survival of the fittest
Situations in which natural selection does not operate
It cannot operate if all individuals of a population are identical genetically or if it is impossible to become adapted to a certain condition
Competition does not occur in ahabata that can support the growth and reproduction of all individuals; if survival is universal, natural selection does not occur
Multiple selection pressures
Are external agents that affect an organism's ability to survive in a given environment.
Examples of selective pressures include competition, predation, land clearance, pollutants, diseases and illnesses, climate change and parasitism
Factors that contribute to selection which variations will provide the individual with an increase chance of surviving over others. Because of selective pressures, organisms with certain phenotypes have an advantage when it comes to survival and reproduction. Over time, this leads to evolution.
Rates of Evolution
Speciation
Phyletic Speciation
Is a process of gradual change in a single population. The modern form of the organism differs from the original form so much that the two can be considered separate species. Phyletic speciation could be drawn as a line.
Example: Species A becomes species B, which becomes species C.
Evolution of one species into new species, such as
the original species no longer exists
Divergent speciation
The evolution of a species into a new species, with the remainder of the species continuing as the original species or evolving
what occurs when two groups of the same species evolve different traits within those groups in order to accommodate for differing environmental and social pressures
Convergent evolution
is when different organisms independently evolve similar traits
when two organisms share characteristics that they didn't jointly inherit from a common ancestor
The conversion of one species or population of a species into a new species
is a variable of considerable interest in evolutionary biology. It concerns the limits of adaptation to natural environments as well as the limits of artificial selection.
Evolution and the origin of life
Chemicals produced chemosynthetically
Experiments tell us what is theoretically possible, direct analysis of meteorites and lunar samples reveals what has actually happened in nonliving environments
Formation of polymers
Polymers are formed by two main ways called addition and condensation polymerization. Also, in polymerization, an initiator reacts with a starting monomer. In condensation polymerization, a monomer with an exposed H atom binds with a monomer with exposed OH atoms.
The polymerization reaction consists of three stages: (1) initiation, (2) propagation, and (3) termination. Initiation occurs when the camphorquinones are promoted to a free radical state.
Aggregation and organization
The next step in the possible chemical evolution of life would have been the aggregation of chemical components into masses that has some organization and metabolism
Early metabolism
The aggregates would have been complete heterotrophs absorbing all material from the ocean and modifying only a few molecules
Being able to synthesize a valuable scarce molecule from an abundant free one would have given thar aggregate great advantage over the others, it would have had a more rapid metabolism=sm and would have grown and reproduced more rapidly
Oxygen
Oxygen was transformed from a dangerous pollutant to valuable resource
The presence of life
The chemosynthetic theory postulates a long series os slow, gradual transitions from completely inorganic compounds to living bacteria
Earth condensed from gases and dust about 4.6 billion years ago, it was initially hot and rocky and had an atmosphere composed mostly of hydrogen
